Table 2 Comparison of metabolites with fold changes > 0.5 according to disease severity.

From: Metabolomics analysis reveals a modified amino acid metabolism that correlates with altered oxygen homeostasis in COVID-19 patients

Combination

Metabolite

FC

log2(FC)

p-.adjusted

Kruskal–Wallis CvsMvsS

p.-adjusted

M/C

Glutamic acid

2.8108

1.491

5.89 × 10–9

M–C; S–C

2.21E−10–4.96E−09

Phenylalanine

1.616

0.69239

1.73 × 10–8

M–C; S–C

1.38E−10–4.96E−09

α-Hydroxybutyric acid

1.5999

0.67798

9.26 × 10–4

M–C; S–C; S–M

5.73E−09–8.59E−08

α-Ketoglutarate

1.5639

0.64511

3.04 × 10–5

M–C; S–C; M–S

0.00021638–0.00060858

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid

1.5081

0.59277

0.02247

M–C; S–C

0.00094552–0.0018499

Threonine

0.62777

− 0.6717

6.68 × 10–8

C–M; C–S

5.73E−09–8.59E−08

S/C

Glutamic acid

2.3519

1.2338

1.45 × 10–9

M–C; S–C

2.21E−10–4.96E−09

α-Hydroxybutyric acid

2.3094

1.2075

4.04 × 10–8

M–C; S–C; S–M

5.73E−09–8.59E−08

α-Hydroxyisovaleric acid

1.9297

0.94837

7.55 × 10–6

S–C; S–M

3.04E−06–1.71E−05

3-Hydroxybutiric acid

1.8519

0.88901

0.012145

S–C; S–M

0.008355–0.012532

2,3-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

1.7324

0.79276

5.73 × 10–5

M–C; S–C

5.43E−05–0.00024421

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid

1.6932

0.75971

5.46 × 10–4

M–C; S–C

0.00094552–0.0018499

Citric acid

0.62276

− 0.68326

3.21 × 10–6

C–S; M–S

9.24E−07–7.07E−06

4-Hydroxyproline

0.57272

− 0.80409

2.77 × 10–4

C–M; C–S

1.09E−05–5.47E−05

M/S

α-Hydroxyisovaleric acid

1.7032

0.76821

0.014705

S–C; S–M

3.04E−06–1.71E−05

Anhydroglucitol

0.62921

− 0.66838

0.0011881

M–C; M–S

0.0004461–0.00095594

  1. Fold-change was calculated using Metaboanalyst 5.0. p values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney test for MvsS and Kruskal Wallis test for multiple comparisons (CvsMvsS). Comparisons are included as follows: mild COVID-19 versus controls (MvsC); severe COVID-19 versus controls (SvsC) and severe versus mild COVID-19 (SvsM).
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