Table 1 General characteristics of diabetic patients disaggregated by stage of DPN.

From: Clinical study of diabetic peripheral neuropathy screening by retinal vascular geometric parameters

Parameter

Control group

Stage 0 DPN

Stage 1 DPN

Stage 2 DPN

Stage 3 DPN

P value

Number (n = 242)

39

110

56

45

31

–

Male

24 (61.5%)

79 (71.8%)

40 (71.4%)

25 (55.6%)

18 (58.1%)

–

Age (years)

35.50 ± 7.21

44.05 ± 10.63

48.50 ± 10.15

54.53 ± 9.02

57.84 ± 9.47

 < 0.001 ※

Duration of diabetes (years)

0

1.83 ± 2.79

6.63 ± 3.99

9.26 ± 5.27

12.52 ± 5.23

 < 0.001 ※

Smoking

0

32 (29.1%)

10 (17.9%)

4 (8.9%)

4 (12.9%)

–

Drinking

0

47 (42.7%)

19 (33.9%)

10 (22.2%)

7 (22.6%)

–

BMI (kg/m2)

23.38 ± 0.65

24.30 ± 3.64

23.19 ± 3.67

23.29 ± 3.15

23.64 ± 2.52

0.164

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

118 ± 12.05

128.32 ± 18.88

133.64 ± 23.59

131.31 ± 3.18

138.97 ± 25.88

0.084

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75.88 ± 14.12

80.20 ± 12.11

80.25 ± 14.56

77.80 ± 13.97

76.84 ± 12.04

0.474

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.50 ± 1.45

11.78 ± 12.84

10.25 ± 3.39

11.14 ± 4.20

10.91 ± 2.80

0.752

HbA1c (%)

4.61 ± 1.39

11.20 ± 2.77

10.64 ± 2.38

11.11 ± 3.43

10.98 ± 1.82

0.559

Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)

5.36 ± 1.14

2.36 ± 1.41

1.77 ± 1.13

1.94 ± 1.40

1.92 ± 0.82

0.046 ※

TC (mmol/L)

3.55 ± 1.42

4.98 ± 1.72

4.93 ± 1.60

4.91 ± 1.71

5.37 ± 1.73

0.645

TG (mmol/L)

1.01 ± 0.84

2.80 ± 5.84

1.86 ± 2.85

2.33 ± 2.87

2.09 ± 2.83

0.585

HDL-C (mmol/L)

2.05 ± 0.48

1.10 ± 0.47

1.16 ± 0.40

1.08 ± 0.46

1.278 ± 0.32

0.072

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.13 ± 0.77

4.42 ± 13.18

3.18 ± 1.26

3.19 ± 1.07

3.51 ± 1.16

0.791

Creatinine (μmol/L)

67 ± 15.07

81.16 ± 59.50

71.37 ± 25.47

81.73 ± 46.10

88.32 ± 33.84

0.424

Uric acid (μmol/L)

280 ± 48.21

339.08 ± 118.21

288.46 ± 91.96

332.23 ± 135.82

337.62 ± 103.52

0.061

BUN (mmol/L)

4.55 ± 2.08

5.71 ± 4.80

5.88 ± 6.26

5.57 ± 2.95

15.98 ± 50.93

0.049 ※

UAE (mg)

11.45 ± 4.48

20.66 ± 54.98

57.15 ± 100.65

125.59 ± 356.36

352.47 ± 621.93

 < 0.001 ※

UAER (ng/L)

9.80 ± 6.87

15.08 ± 38.07

41.33 ± 70.11

91.54 ± 253.67

257.25 ± 429.30

 < 0.001 ※

VPT (V)

3.15 ± 3.34

7.72 ± 3.48

15.35 ± 4.83

19.48 ± 5.10

32.49 ± 12.34

 < 0.001 ※

ABI

1.102 ± 0.084

1.183 ± 0.036

1.112 ± 0.048

1.117 ± 0.074

1.109 ± 0.082

 < 0.001 ※

CRAE (μm)

147.02 ± 5.08

146.07 ± 7.18

142.09 ± 6.22

149.15 ± 6.26

152.56 ± 10.16

 < 0.001 ※

CRVE (μm)

198.78 ± 10.02

209.79 ± 13.98

214.58 ± 14.55

230.22 ± 11.33

241.85 ± 10.96

 < 0.001 ※

DFa

1.442 ± 0.050

1.345 ± 0.050

1.292 ± 0.060

1.195 ± 0.064

1.151 ± 0.056

 < 0.001 ※

DFv

1.183 ± 0.027

1.168 ± 0.047

1.136 ± 0.033

1.088 ± 0.050

1.080 ± 0.050

 < 0.001 ※

BCa

1.35 ± 0.15

1.47 ± 0.17

1.55 ± 0.20

1.67 ± 0.23

1.78 ± 0.38

 < 0.001 ※

BCv

1.28 ± 0.12

1.37 ± 0.18

1.43 ± 0.17

1.52 ± 0.17

1.61 ± 0.22

 < 0.001 ※

BAa (°)

71.16 ± 8.84

70.15 ± 9.84

64.07 ± 11.92

75.44 ± 14.04

81.48 ± 14.83

 < 0.001 ※

BAv (°)

80.12 ± 4.28

77.72 ± 14.71

74.29 ± 12.59

71.75 ± 14.14

68.39 ± 14.92

0.005 ※

  1. ※Indicates one-way ANOVA, P < 0.05, statistically significant.
  2. DPN diabetic peripheral neuropathy, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BUN blood urea nitrogen, UAE 24-h urinary protein quantity, UAER 24-h urinary protein excretion rate, VPT Vibration perception threshold., ABI Ankle brachial index, CRAE Central retinal artery equivalent, CRVE Central retinal vein equivalent, BAa Branching angle arterioles, BCa Branching coefficient arterioles, BAv Branching angle veins, BCv Branching coefficient veins, DFa Fractal dimension arterioles, DFv Fractal dimension veins.
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