Figure 1
Genetic and geographic structure of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia sampled in Sichuan, China. (a) Map showing locations of the 12 villages sampled, indicated by colored dots. Yellow lines represent major roads and blue lines indicate rivers and major streams. The map was created with ArcGIS ArcMap52 (version 10.6; https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/). (b) Proportion of rare alleles shared among villages with mean, interquartile ranges, and outliers beyond the 2.5th percentile shown. Inter-village distances are Euclidean. All comparisons were significantly different (all p < 2.2 × 10–16; Mann–Whitney U test). (c) Principal component analysis (PCA) of genetic variation from 200 miracidia across all 12 villages. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) respectively account for 4.2% and 2.5% of the genetic variation among individuals. (d) Neighbor-joining tree of miracidia colored by village (top) and sampling timepoint (bottom). (e) ADMIXTURE plot showing optimal k = 4 genetic clusters grouped by village and sampling timepoint. Timepoints are labeled with year of collection (e.g., 2008 in d or 08 in e); Summer and late Fall 2016 collections are labeled with small s or f, respectively.
