Figure 3

Relatedness of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia within and between hosts. Examples highlight relatedness structures indicating multiple infections, retained infections, evidence for clones, and inbreeding within villages. Hosts are indicated with human figures, with different miracidia collected from a single host connected by thin dark grey lines. Ribbons between miracidia show posterior probabilities of degree of relatedness through color (scale to side) and by ribbon width. (a) Two examples of multiple sibling clusters (2 and 4) within hosts are shown. In the second example, 8 miracidia are not in sibling clusters (all connections are in light grey), indicating a high multiplicity of infection sources (a minimum of 12 mating pairs) in this host. (b) Two examples of likely retained infections over time are inferred from the sibling-level miracidia sampled from the same host at different timepoints separated by five months and two years. (c) Miracidia from multiple hosts living in villages B, J, and D and sampled at the same timepoint are shown with gaps between different villages. In the left graph, sibling-level relatedness is shown, and a case of sibling-level relatedness between miracidia across two individuals indicates clonal parents. In the right graph, cousin-level relatedness emphasizes that strongly supported first-cousin relationships are common among miracidia within villages and sparse between villages.