Figure 3

Stimulation of monocytes with extracellular vesicles. (a) Human primary monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by negative depletion, as described in the Methods section. Cells were stained with anti-CD14-PE and anti-CD45-PB, monocytes were identified as CD45⁺CD14⁺ cells, and their purity was calculated in relation to all leukocytes (CD45⁺ cells). (b) EVs were enriched by centrifugation from plasma from septic patients without (left) or with (right) PentraSorb treatment. (c) Monocytes were stimulated with EVs from septic plasma, which was either pre-treated with PentraSorb (sepsis + A) or left untreated (sepsis -A). IL-8 was quantified in the supernatant by ELISA. Incubation of monocytes without EVs (-EVs) or with EVs from healthy individuals (healthy) served as control. n = 5 (-EVs); n = 7 (sepsis -A); n = 7 (sepsis + A); n = 4 (healthy). Data were compared using an unpaired t-test with or without Welch correction. Data are given as mean ± SD; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Part (c) created with BioRender.com (Academic Subscription).