Table 1 Participants’ characteristics.

Age, year

33.1 ± 3.5

59.6 ± 14.0

2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶

Male, n (%)

21 (51.2)

29 (49.2)

1

Body mass index, kg/m²

22.5 ± 3.5

26.8 ± 4.40

8.5 × 10⁻⁷

Smoking history, n (%)

0 (0)

17 (22.8)

4.6 × 10⁻⁴

Smoking, pack-year

0.0 ± 0.0

6.1 ± 11.8

1.8 × 10⁻⁴

Waist circumference, cm

80.4 ± 9.9

90.3 ± 11.4

1.9 × 10⁻⁵

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

125.5 ± 9.7

136.6 ± 17.7

8.2 × 10⁻⁴

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

74.3 ± 6.3

75.1 ± 10.0

0.654

AST, IU/L

26.2 ± 16.2

36.3 ± 29.5

0.031

ALT, IU/L

19.6 ± 9.9

35.1 ± 26.9

1.1 × 10⁻⁴

Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL

94.3 ± 8.1

177.7 ± 64.0

2.7 × 10⁻¹⁴

HbA1c, %

5.3 ± 0.3

9.2 ± 1.3

2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

183.2 ± 32.7

170.9 ± 42.3

0.119

Triglycerides, mg/dL

109.3 ± 74.5

152.7 ± 112.0

0.022

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

108.6 ± 24.8

101.1 ± 31.7

0.208

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

59.2 ± 12.9

50.3 ± 11.2

3.8 × 10⁻⁴

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

114.6 ± 11.4

93.2 ± 21.0

3.4 × 10⁻⁹

Urinary protein-to-Cr ratio, mg/g*

81.7 ± 99.2

386.7 ± 1289.2

3.1 × 10⁻⁷

Urinary albumin-to-Cr ratio, mg/g*

19.7 ± 78.6

219.6 ± 935.0

1.2 × 10⁻⁶

Haemoglobin, g/dL

14.2 ± 1.6

14.1 ± 1.8

0.872

RBC, 10⁶/μL

4.7 ± 0.5

4.8 ± 0.6

0.975

Hematocrit, %

42.7 ± 4.2

42.8 ± 4.7

0.907

WBC, 10³/μL

6.6 ± 1.8

7.1 ± 2.1

0.270

Platelet, 10³/μL

269.7 ± 59.6

244.9 ± 67.1

0.063

Comorbidity

Hypertension, n (%)

–

33 (55.9)

–

Dyslipidaemia, n (%)

1 (2.4)

38 (64.4)

1.5 × 10⁻⁹

Obesity, n (%)

7 (17.1)

36 (61.0)

3.2 × 10⁻⁵

Diabetic nephropathy, n (%)

–

23 (39.0)

–

Diabetic neuropathy, n (%)

–

5 (8.5)

–

Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)

–

13 (22.0)

–

Cardiovascular diseases, n (%)

–

23 (39.0)

–

Concomitant medication

Antihypertensive agents, n (%)

–

31 (60.8)

–

Lipid-lowering agents, n (%)

–

31 (60.8)

–

Antiplatelet agents, n (%)

–

19 (32.2)

–