Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: Caffeine protects against stress-induced murine depression through activation of PPARγC1α-mediated restoration of the kynurenine pathway in the skeletal muscle

Figure 2

Caffeine restored KYN and KYNA content in plasma. Mice were exposed to CMS with drinking water supplemented with (CMS + caf) or without (CMS) caffeine. Non-CMS-exposed mice were used as controls. After tests for depression-like behaviours, shown in Fig. 1, plasma was sampled for the measurement of KYN and KYNA. Fold changes of KYN (a) and KYNA (b) to those of control mice were shown. The absolute values of KYN level were 0.28 ± 0.01 μmol/L, 0.49 ± 0.01 μmol/L, and 0.26 ± 0.01 μmol/L for control, CMS, and CMS + caf group, respectively; and the absolute values of KYNA level were 0.32 ± 0.01 μmol/L, 0.19 ± 0.01 μmol/L, and 0.31 ± 0.01 μmol/L for control, CMS, and CMS + caf group, respectively. Eight mice were used in control and CMS group, and nine mice were used in CMS + caf group. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Similar results were obtained in two independent experiments. *p < 0.05.

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