Table 2 A summary of the impacts of A. senhousia in relation to Provisioning ecosystem services. ( +) denotes a potentially positive impact, (–) denotes a potentially negative impact. Priority questions are those that should be addressed by researchers to generate a full risk assessment and management plan.
Provisioning ecosystem services | + /− | A. senhousia impacts and observations | + /− | Supporting information | + /− | Priority questions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food (wild, farmed) | – | Biofouling organism. Attached to O.edulis and concrete plates (this study); Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis)37; synthetic capron line (126,000 spat/m2)3 | – | Spawning may overlap with Mytilus spp. in Europe: A. senhousia spawning prolonged in introduced range1,19,24,55,62,96; gonad ripening by July in UK (this study); documented hybridisation amongst Mytilus spp.90,96,97,98 | – | Disrupts the cultivation of commercial species through biofouling (i.e. more intense cleaning required)? |
– | Disrupts the cultivation of commercial species through resource competition? | |||||
– | Introduces diseases which impact commercial species? | |||||
– | Reduces clam (Chione spp., Mactra spp., Meretrix lusoria, Ruditapes philippinarum) growth and survivorship via space and food competition and by increasing predation69,70,71,72 | – | Introduced bivalve molluscs can facilitate the spread of shellfish diseases89 | − | Hybridises with commercial and native species, influencing genetic diversity? | |
+ /− | Consumed by people in introduced range? | |||||
+ | ||||||
Animal feed (wild, farmed, bait) | + | Fish bait and feed stock for shrimp and crab aquaculture in Japan21 | + | + | Use as poultry grit? | |
Pet trade products | – | + | Mollusc shells used for pet bird nutrition and aquarium pH buffer94,99 | + | Use as pet bird nutrition and aquarium pH buffer? | |
Fertilizer | – | + | + | Use as soil conditioner? | ||
Aggregates extraction | – | + | Mollusc shells are used for: construction materials; biofilter medium; calcium acetate road de–icer94,99 | + | Use as: construction materials; biofilter medium; calcium acetate road de–icer? |
