Table 1 Performance evaluation of the spinal radiographic parameters of the ensemble model.

Radiographic parameters	Ground truth	Parameter error^†		Correlation analysis		Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Radiographic parameters	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	R	p value	p value
PI	51.6° (13.1°)	3.8° (5.7°)	1.9° (3.3°)	0.854	< 0.001*	0.587
SS	35.9° (12.1°)	3.5° (4.8°)	1.9° (3.0°)	0.875		0.578
PT	15.6° (11.0°)	1.1° (1.7°)	0.6° (0.9°)	0.983		0.430
LL	47.0° (17.4°)	5.1° (6.3°)	3.0° (4.7°)	0.885		0.145
SVA (mm)	25.2 (47.3)	1.9 (2.4)	1.0 (1.9)	0.998		0.402
CL	9.4° (17.3°)	6.6° (6.0°)	5.3° (6.4°)	0.864		0.636
T1S	24.4° (11.3°)	5.3° (5.1°)	3.8° (4.7°)	0.787		0.002*
cSVA (mm)	20.2 (13.4)	1.1 (1.4)	0.7 (1.0)	0.991		0.769
GTK	37.7° (14.4°)	6.6° (6.2°)	4.9° (6.5°)	0.798		0.029*
PTK	13.7° (9.7°)	6.7° (6.2°)	4.8° (6.5°)	0.558		0.013*
MTK	26.7° (13.5°)	5.4° (5.0°)	4.2° (5.6°)	0.840		0.726
L4SL	31.3° (11.5°)	4.3° (5.3°)	2.3° (4.2°)	0.810		0.133
LPA	8.3° (8.3°)	1.0° (1.7°)	0.5° (0.8°)	0.971		0.370
SSA	124.4° (14.8°)	3.4° (4.7°)	1.9° (3.0°)	0.919		0.480
GT	17.2° (15.0°)	1.2° (2.0°)	0.6° (1.0°)	0.988		0.636
TPA	13.1° (12.0°)	1.0° (1.6°)	0.5° (0.8°)	0.987		0.814
Barrey index	0.4 (3.1)	0.3 (1.5)	0.03 (0.1)	0.893		0.489
OD-HA	− 0.4° (3.9°)	0.1° (0.2°)	0.1° (0.1°)	0.999		0.167

R Pearson correlation coefficient; SD standard deviation; IQR interquartile range, PI pelvic incidence; SS sacral slope; PT pelvic tilt; LL lumbar lordosis; SVA sagittal vertical axis; CL cervical lordosis; T1S T1 slope; cSVA cervical sagittal vertical axis; GTK global thoracic kyphosis; PTK proximal thoracic kyphosis; MTK main thoracic kyphosis; L4SL L4-S1 lordosis; LPA lumbar pelvic angle; SSA spino-sacral angle; GT global tilt; TPA T1 pelvic angle; OD-HA odontoid hip axis.
*p value < 0.05.
^†Absolute difference between the prediction and the ground truth.

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