Table 4 Comparisons of distance error (Mean ± STD, unit: mm) of each landmark between prediction without the ROI detection and with the ROI detection of variable size.

From: Comparing intra-observer variation and external variations of a fully automated cephalometric analysis with a cascade convolutional neural net

Index

w/o ROI

w/ ROIa (fixed size)

w/ ROIb (variable size)

Index

w/o ROI

w/ROI (fixed)

w/ROI (variable)

0

0.60 ± 0.34

0.38 ± 0.27

0.24 ± 0.32**

21

9.04 ± 2.11

0.48 ± 0.53

0.48 ± 0.53**

1

1.09 ± 0.63

1.12 ± 1.08

0.88 ± 1.06

22

1.70 ± 5.22

1.25 ± 1.15

1.25 ± 1.15

2

1.24 ± 0.79

0.87 ± 1.08

0.76 ± 1.06**

23

1.59 ± 1.00

2.31 ± 2.91

2.00 ± 2.64

3

1.14 ± 0.75

1.42 ± 1.99

1.22 ± 1.62

24

0.70 ± 0.40

0.69 ± 0.79

0.69 ± 0.79

4

1.06 ± 0.61

1.15 ± 1.36

1.00 ± 1.36

25

0.94 ± 0.57

1.12 ± 1.14

0.94 ± 0.85

5

0.85 ± 0.56

0.4 ± 0.41

0.38 ± 0.42**

26

0.80 ± 0.40

0.68 ± 0.64

0.68 ± 0.64

6

1.19 ± 0.62

0.92 ± 0.94

0.92 ± 0.94*

27

1.70 ± 4.90

2.03 ± 4.19

1.21 ± 2.44

7

1.25 ± 0.70

1.08 ± 1.13

1.08 ± 1.13

28

2.94 ± 10.06

1.71 ± 1.83

1.36 ± 1.48

8

1.22 ± 0.81

0.82 ± 0.79

0.67 ± 0.73**

29

1.20 ± 0.80

1.05 ± 1.15

1.01 ± 1.08

9

1.16 ± 0.68

0.64 ± 0.60

0.50 ± 0.58**

30

1.46 ± 3.25

0.60 ± 0.46

0.60 ± 0.46*

10

1.41 ± 1.03

1.24 ± 1.23

1.06 ± 1.07*

31

1.95 ± 5.71

0.97 ± 0.98

0.97 ± 0.98

11

0.91 ± 0.52

6.62 ± 7.22

0.92 ± 1.00

32

1.13 ± 0.56

0.55 ± 0.42

0.55 ± 0.42**

12

1.26 ± 0.81

0.68 ± 0.70

0.68 ± 0.70**

33

1.30 ± 0.83

0.46 ± 0.35

0.46 ± 0.35**

13

1.67 ± 3.05

8.18 ± 10.19

2.12 ± 2.38

34

1.41 ± 1.01

0.91 ± 1.03

0.85 ± 0.88**

14

1.14 ± 0.62

1.59 ± 1.78

1.44 ± 1.50

35

1.41 ± 0.98

0.88 ± 0.90

0.88 ± 0.90**

15

0.89 ± 0.58

0.72 ± 0.72

0.72 ± 0.72

36

0.98 ± 0.63

0.81 ± 0.70

0.74 ± 0.67*

16

19.08 ± 31.91

3.10 ± 6.40

1.76 ± 1.91**

37

1.04 ± 0.68

0.91 ± 0.81

0.78 ± 0.80*

17

3.15 ± 11.01

1.84 ± 2.05

1.63 ± 1.93

38

1.01 ± 0.66

0.71 ± 0.62

0.71 ± 0.62**

18

0.80 ± 0.59

0.73 ± 0.51

0.53 ± 0.47**

39

1.49 ± 1.03

0.98 ± 1.33

0.98 ± 1.33**

19

0.66 ± 0.36

0.40 ± 0.42

0.40 ± 0.42**

40

1.82 ± 1.64

1.96 ± 2.00

1.07 ± 1.20**

20

1.55 ± 0.82

1.30 ± 1.35

1.26 ± 1.30

41

2.05 ± 1.70

2.50 ± 3.49**

0.96 ± 1.21**

  1. ROI region of interest, STD standard deviation, w/o ROI Landmark prediction without ROI detection, w/ROI (fixed or variable) landmark prediction with ROI detection of fixed or variable size.
  2. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.005 using paired t-test.
  3. aThe accuracy of landmark prediction with ROI detection of fixed size was compared with the accuracies of those without ROI detection.
  4. bThe accuracy of landmark prediction with ROI detection of variable size was compared with the accuracies of those with fixed size.
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