Figure 5

Genes encoding pumilio family proteins appear to have been duplicated in Strongyloides species. (A) Homologs of pumilio family proteins in S. stercoralis (arrows) and other clade III, IV, and V nematodes are identified in a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree with 100 iterations of bootstrapping constructed with Geneious v.11.1.5. The genes encoding Ss-PUM-1, Ss-PUM-2, and Ss-PUM-3 appear to have resulted from a duplication in an ancestor of Strongyloides species. Gene names and accession numbers are listed after the species names. (B-F) Transcript abundances of the S. stercoralis homologs are represented using TMM-normalized counts per million (CPM) for the following developmental stages: free-living adult males (FL Male), free-living gravid adult females (FL Female), post-free-living first-stage larvae (PFL L1), developmentally arrested infectious third-stage larvae (iL3), L3 activated inside a permissive host (L3 +), parasitic gravid adult females (P Female), heterogonically-developing post-parasitic L1 (PP L1), and heterogonically-developing post-parasitic L3 enriched for females (PP L3). Graphs were constructed using GraphPad Prism v.9.0.0; bars indicate means (horizontal) and 95% confidence intervals (vertical) for each of the three biological replicates represented as individual data points. Asterisks (*) indicate a significant (fold change > 2.0; FDR < 0.05) difference between FL Male and FL Female.