Table 1 Characteristics of the recruited subjects.

Age (years)

47 ± 10

48 ± 10

46 ± 10

< 0.001

Body mass index

23 ± 3

24 ± 3

22 ± 3

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

83 ± 9

86 ± 8

79 ± 9

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

116 ± 16

119 ± 16

110 ± 16

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74 ± 11

77 ± 11

69 ± 10

< 0.001

Smoking habit

4902 (36.2)

3983 (45.9)

919 (18.9)

< 0.001

Alcohol drinking habit

6423 (45.4)

5122 (56.4)

1301 (25.6)

< 0.001

Comorbidity

Hypertension

2274 (16.1)

1760 (19.4)

514 (10.1)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitus

657(4.6)

559 (6.2)

98 (1.9)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia

3226 (22.8)

2003 (22.1)

1223 (24.0)

0.008

Biochemical data

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.3 ± 1.5

15.1 ± 1.1

12.9 ± 1.2

< 0.001

Albumin (g/dL)

4.4 ± 0.2

4.4 ± 0.2

4.3 ± 0.2

< 0.001

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

14.0 ± 3.3

14.5 ± 3.2

13.1 ± 3.2

< 0.001

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.72 ± 0.14

0.79 ± 0.10

0.59 ± 0.08

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

86.2 ± 13.9

85.1 ± 13.3

88.2 ± 14.8

< 0.001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.4 ± 1.4

6.0 ± 1.2

4.4 ± 0.9

< 0.001

AST (U/L)

21 (18–26)

22 (19–27)

19 (16–22)

< 0.001

ALT (U/L)

21 (15–31)

25 (18–36)

15 (12–20)

< 0.001

γ-GTP (U/L)

30 (19–55)

41 (27–72)

18 (14–27)

< 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

93 ± 18

95 ± 20

87 ± 13

< 0.001

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.3 ± 0.7

5.4 ± 0.7

5.2 ± 0.5

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

121 ± 31

123 ± 31

117 ± 31

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

61 ± 16

56 ± 14

69 ± 15

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

91 (62–136)

109 (77–159)

66 (49–92)

< 0.001

FLI

22 (8–48)

34 (16–58)

7 (3–17)

< 0.001