Table 3 Significant associations between maternal and perinatal factors and risk of pediatric astrocytoma, ependymoma, and medulloblastoma.

From: Maternal and perinatal factors are associated with risk of pediatric central nervous system tumors and poorer survival after diagnosis

Maternal and perinatal characteristics

Astrocytoma

Cases

Controls

Unadjusted model

Adjusted modela

OR

95% CI

P-valueb

OR

95% CI

P-valueb

Maternal race/ethnicity

Non-hispanic white

480 (49.5)

4037 (41.6)

Reference

Reference

Non-hispanic black

101 (10.4)

1090 (11.2)

0.78

0.62–0.98

0.030

0.79

0.63–0.99

0.049

Hispanic

357 (36.8)

4225 (43.6)

0.71

0.62–0.82

0.000

0.76

0.65–0.89

0.001

Other

32 (3.3)

348 (3.6)

0.77

0.53–1.12

0.178

0.69

0.46–1.02

0.064

Missing

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

      

Gestational age

< 37 weeks

127 (13.1)

1081 (11.1)

1.21

0.99–1.47

0.059

1.24

1.02–1.52

0.029

37–41 weeks

803 (82.8)

8266 (85.3)

Reference

Reference

≥ 42

24 (2.5)

254 (2.6)

0.97

0.64–1.49

0.898

0.99

0.66–1.54

0.979b

Continuous

  

0.98

0.95–1.01

0.163

0.98

0.95–1.00

0.098

Missing

16 (1.6)

99 (1.0)

      

Delivery type

Vaginal spontaneous

613 (63.2)

6512 (67.1)

Reference

Reference

Vaginal forceps or vacuum

81 (8.4)

514 (5.3)

1.67

1.31–2.15

0.000

1.63

1.27–2.09

0.000

Cesarean

275 (28.3)

2668 (27.5)

1.09

0.94–1.27

0.233

1.09

0.94–1.27

0.266

Missing

1 (0.1)

6 (0.1)

      
 

Ependymoma

Maternal education

< High school

50 (31.9)

486 (31.0)

0.79

0.53–1.17

0.237

0.73

0.48–1.11

0.140

High school

59 (37.5)

451 (28.7)

Reference

Reference

> High school

44 (28.0)

619 (39.4)

0.54

0.36–0.82

0.003

0.54

0.35–0.82

0.004

Missing

4 (2.6)

14 (0.9)

      

Maternal nativity

U.S. born

99 (63.1)

1144 (72.9)

Reference

Reference

Mexico

40 (25.5)

268 (17.1)

1.72

1.17–2.55

0.006

1.67

1.03–2.71

0.038

Other

17 (10.8)

154 (9.8)

1.28

0.74–2.19

0.378

1.86

1.01–3.44

0.046

Missing

1 (0.6)

4 (0.2)

      

Gestational age

< 37 weeks

21 (13.4)

165 (10.5)

1.35

0.83–2.19

0.233

1.37

0.83–2.27

0.223

37–41 weeks

127 (80.9)

1344 (85.6)

Reference

Reference

≥ 42

8 (5.1)

39 (2.5)

2.17

0.99–4.75

0.052

2.42

1.09–5.40

0.031

Continuous

  

0.97

0.91–1.04

0.436

0.98

0.92–1.05

0.599

Missing

1 (0.6)

22 (1.4)

      

Maternal BMIc

< 18.5

1 (2.6)

16 (4.1)

0.45

0.06–3.50

0.442

0.43

0.05–3.45

0.425

18.5–24.9

25 (64.1)

178 (45.6)

Reference

Reference

25–29.9

5 (12.8)

100 (25.7)

0.36

0.13–0.96

0.041

0.33

0.12–0.91

0.033

≥ 30

8 (20.5)

94 (24.1)

0.61

0.26–1.39

0.239

0.52

0.22–1.24

0.139

Continuous

  

0.98

0.92–1.03

0.415

0.97

0.91–1.03

0.285

Missing

0 (0.0)

2 (0.5)

      
 

Medulloblastoma

Maternal nativity

U.S. born

166 (76.6)

1600 (73.7)

Reference

Reference

Mexico

40 (18.4)

379 (17.5)

1.02

0.71–1.46

0.926

0.98

0.63–1.54

0.943

Other

10 (4.6)

185 (8.5)

0.52

0.27–1.00

0.051

0.42

0.18–0.96

0.040

Missing

1 (0.4)

6 (0.3)

      

Infant sex

Male

143 (65.9)

1095 (50.5)

Reference

Reference

Female

74 (34.1)

1075 (49.5)

0.53

0.39–0.71

0.000

0.53

0.39–0.71

0.000

Missing

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

      

Birth order

1st

162 (74.7)

1641 (75.6)

Reference

Reference

2nd

43 (19.7)

333 (15.3)

1.31

0.92–1.87

0.140

1.31

0.91–1.89

0.140

≥ 3rd

6 (2.8)

153 (7.1)

0.39

0.17–0.91

0.030

0.39

0.17–0.91

0.029

Continuous

  

0.86

0.69–1.06

0.158

0.86

0.69–1.06

0.153

Missing

6 (2.8)

43 (2.0)

      
  1. aAdjusted for birth year, sex, maternal race/ethnicity, and maternal education.
  2. bBonferroni corrected reference P values: 0.003 for an experiment-wide significance of 0.05.
  3. cPre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) data collection began in 2005.
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