Table 2 Means, standard deviations, mean differences, confidence intervals and effect sizes of the variables related to the range of motion in all the time points.
Measure | Control group (n = 20) | 35 Hz NMES (n = 21) | 50 Hz NMES (n = 20) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range of motion (º) | Testing time | Mean (SD) | MD (CI 95%) | ES (d) | Mean (SD) | MD (CI 95%) | ES (d) | Mean (SD) | MD (CI 95%) | ES (d) |
Wrist resting angle | Baseline | − 5.50 (5.60) | − 10.48 (9.74) | − 10.50 (10.87) | ||||||
1-month | − 4.75 (4.99) | − 0.75 (− 2.92, 1.42) | − 0.14 | − 5.24 (9.01) | − 5.23 (− 7.35, − 3.12)* | − 0.57 | − 6.00 (8.52) | − 4.50 (− 6.67, − 2.32)* | − 0.47 | |
2-months | − 5.50 (5.60) | 0.00 (− 2.24, 2.24) | 0.00 | − 3.90 (7.36) | − 6.57 (− 8.75, − 4.38)* | − 0.78 | − 5.25 (7.86) | − 5.25 (− 7.49, − 3.00)* | − 0.56 | |
Follow-up | − 4.75 (5.73) | − 0.75 (− 3.50, 2.00) | − 0.13 | − 5.95 (10.5) | − 4.52 (− 7.21, − 1.83)* | − 0.45 | − 5.25 (8.35) | − 5.25 (− 8.00, − 2.49)* | − 0.55 | |
Wrist active extension | Baseline | 19.25 (18.0) | 17.57 (11.8) | 13.10 (6.54) | ||||||
1-month | 19.85 (18.8) | − 0.60 (− 4.04, 2.84) | − 0.03 | 27.81 (15.2) | − 10.23 (− 13.59, − 6.88)* | − 0.77 | 17.25 (8.96) | − 4.15 (− 7.59, − 0.71)* | − 0.54 | |
2-months | 20.25 (19.3) | − 1.00 (− 5.28, 3.28) | − 0.05 | 32.29 (17.1) | − 14.71 (− 18.9, − 10.5)* | − 1.03 | 21.50 (11.0) | − 8.40 (− 12.6, − 4.11)* | − 0.95 | |
Follow-up | 22.00 (19.7) | − 2.75 (− 7.47, 1.97) | − 0.15 | 36.90 (17.3) | − 19.33 (− 23.9, − 14.72)* | − 1.54 | 21.00 (11.5) | − 7.90 (− 12.6, − 3.17)* | − 0.86 | |
Wrist passive extension | Baseline | 40.75 (16.6) | 46.43 (12.5) | 36.25 (14.7) | ||||||
1-month | 44.25 (13.8) | − 3.50 (− 6.95, − 0.04)* | − 0.23 | 57.38 (10.9) | − 10.95 (− 14.32, − 7.57)* | − 0.96 | 44.00 (13.6) | − 7.75 (− 11.20, − 4.29)* | − 0.56 | |
2-months | 44.75 (13.7) | − 4.00 (− 7.40, − 0.59)* | − 0.27 | 60.24 (14.3) | − 13.81 (− 17.13, − 10.4)* | − 1.06 | 50.25 (11.9) | − 14.00 (− 17.40, − 10.5)* | − 1.07 | |
Follow-up | 48.25 (14.6) | − 7.50 (− 10.42, − 4.5)* | − 0.49 | 60.95 (13.0) | − 14.52 (− 17.37, − 11.6)* | − 1.16 | 49.75 (13.6) | − 13.50 (− 16.42, − 10.6)* | − 0.98 | |
MCP resting angle | Baseline | − 29.75 (17.2) | − 37.14 (13.9) | − 35.00 (15.6) | ||||||
1-month | − 31.00 (16.3) | 1.25 (− 2.14, 4.64) | 0.07 | − 30.24 (12.6) | − 6.90 (− 10.21, − 3.59)* | − 0.53 | − 32.75 (13.1) | − 2.25 (− 5.64, 1.14) | − 0.16 | |
2-months | − 29.00 (15.4) | − 0.75 (− 3.58, 2.08) | − 0.04 | − 29.05 (14.8) | − 8.09 (− 10.86, − 5.32)* | − 0.57 | − 31.75 (13.7) | − 3.25 (− 6.08, − 0.41)* | − 0.22 | |
Follow-up | − 27.75 (15.4) | − 2.00 (− 6.12, 2.12) | − 0.12 | − 29.05 (15.2) | − 8.09 (− 12.11, − 4.07)* | − 0.56 | − 30.50 (14.0) | − 4.50 (− 8.62, − 0.38)* | − 0.31 | |
MCP active extension | Baseline | 12.75 (12.1) | 15.24 (13.8) | 6.00 (9.95) | ||||||
1-month | 12.75 (12.1) | 0.00 (− 2.62, 2.62) | 0.00 | 21.67 (11.5) | − 6.42 (− 8.99, − 3.86)* | − 0.52 | 9.25 (10.04) | − 3.25 (− 5.87, − 0.62)* | − 0.33 | |
2-months | 13.75 (12.1) | − 1.00 (− 4.67, 2.67) | − 0.08 | 22.14 (11.1) | − 6.90 (− 10.49, − 3.31)* | − 0.56 | 10.50 (10.7) | − 4.50 (− 8.17, − 0.82)* | − 0.44 | |
Follow-up | 15.50 (11.3) | − 2.75 (− 7.91, 2.41) | − 0.24 | 24.05 (10.0) | − 8.81 (− 13.84, − 3.76)* | − 0.75 | 11.25 (11.9) | − 5.25 (− 10.41, − 0.08)* | − 0.49 | |
