Table 4 Means, standard deviations, mean differences, confidence intervals and effect sizes of the variables related to muscle tone in all the time points.

From: A randomised clinical trial comparing 35 Hz versus 50 Hz frequency stimulation effects on hand motor recovery in older adults after stroke

Measure

Control group (n  = 20)

35 Hz NMES (n  = 21)

50 Hz NMES (n  = 20)

MAS

Testing time

Mean (SD)

MD (CI 95%)

ES (d)

Mean (SD)

MD (CI 95%)

ES (d)

Mean (SD)

MD (CI 95%)

ES (d)

Wrist flexors

Baseline

1.85 (0.75)

  

2.24 (0.77)

  

2.05 (0.99)

  

1-month

1.85 (0.75)

0.00 (− 0.23, 0.23)

0.00

1.71 (0.72)

0.52 (0.29, 0.75)*

0.73

1.85 (0.93)

0.20 (− 0.03, 0.43)

0.21

2-months

1.75 (0.72)

0.10 (− 0.23, 0.43)

0.14

1.29 (0.85)

0.95 (0.62, 1,27)*

1.20

1.20 (0.70)

0.85 (0.51, 1.18)*

1.01

Follow-up

1.45 (0.61)

0.40 (0.01, 0.78)*

0.60

1.14 (0.91)

1.09 (0.72, 1.46)*

1.34

1.05 (0.61)

1.00 (0.61, 1.38)*

1.25

MCP flexors

Baseline

1.35 (1.04)

  

1.81 (0.98)

  

1.65 (1.23)

  

1-month

1.30 (1.03)

0.05 (− 0.19, 0.29)

0.05

1.62 (1.12)

0.19 (− 0.04, 0.42)

0.18

1.15 (0.88)

0.50 (0.25, 0.74)*

0.48

2-months

1.30 (1.03)

0.05 (− 0.23, 0.33)

0.05

1.00 (0.89)

0.81 (0.53, 1.08)*

0.88

0.95 (0.76)

0.70 (0.41, 0.98)*

0.70

Follow-up

1.10 (0.85)

0.25 (− 0.04, 0.54)

0.27

0.90 (0.83)

0.90 (0.61, 1.19)*

1.10

0.95 (0.76)

0.70 (0.40, 0.99)*

0.70

  1. MAS Modified Ashworth Scale, MCP Metacarpophalangeal, SD Standard deviation, MD Mean difference (baseline minus each time), CI 95% Confidence interval 95%, ES Effect size, d Cohen’s d; * The difference is statistically significant p < .05.
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