Table 4 The estimated incidence rate ratios using negative binomial regression analyses for the effect of each 10 unit increase in air pollutants on lung cancer incidence in the districts of Tehran.

Single-pollutant

PM₁₀ (μg/m³)

0.97 (0.89–1.05)

0.484

0.92 (0.84–1.002)

0.056

0.99 (0.86–1.14)

0.919

SO₂ (ppb)

0.93 (0.86–1.006)

0.074

0.93 (0.86–1.01)

0.124

0.98 (0.91–1.05)

0.591

NO₂ (ppb)

1.19 (1.04–1.37)

0.011

1.17 (1.008–1.36)

0.039

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

0.502

NO (ppb)

1.01 (0.96–1.06)

0.583

0.98 (0.92–1.05)

0.680

1.04 (0.99–1.09)

0.066

NO_X (ppb)

1.04 (1.008–1.08)

0.016

1.04 (0.99–1.09)

0.064

1.05 (1.02–1.08)

0.001

Benzene (μg/m³)

2.15 (0.65–7.08)

0.206

1.50 (0.37–6.05)

0.567

3.86 (1.55–9.60)

0.004

Toluene (μg/m³)

1.14 (0.87–1.50)

0.326

1.03 (0.75–1.42)

0.813

1.50 (1.19–1.88)

 < 0.001

Ethylbenzene (μg/m³)

1.43 (0.29–6.88)

0.653

0.58 (0.08–3.93)

0.583

5.16 (1.23–21.57)

0.025

P-xylene (μg/m³)

2.79 (0.46–16.84)

0.261

1.29 (0.12–13.53)

0.827

9.41 (2.06–42.97)

0.004

O-xylene (μg/m³)

1.18 (0.29–4.83)

0.809

0.54 (0.10–2.74)

0.463

7.93 (1.74–36.21)

0.007

M-xylene (μg/m³)

1.23 (0.58–2.59)

0.580

0.83 (0.33–2.04)

0.690

2.63 (1.31–5.33)

0.007

TBTEX (μg/m³)

1.08 (0.94–1.24)

0.231

1.03 (0.87–1.22)

0.704

1.21 (1.08–1.34)

0.001

Multi-pollutant

Profile 1 (low pollution)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Profile 2 (moderate pollution)

1.006 (0.99–1.01)

0.165

1.009 (1.001–1.01)

0.019

1.001 (0.99–1.09)

0.897

Profile 3 (high pollution)

1.01 (1.001–1.01)

0.018

1.01 (1.009–1.02)

 < 0.001

1.01 (1.004–1.02)

0.002