Table 1 Demographic data for the entire cohort and across different geographical sites of assessment.

From: Cross-sectional analysis of the Parkinson’s disease Non-motor International Longitudinal Study baseline non-motor characteristics, geographical distribution and impact on quality of life

Parameters

Entire cohort (n = 1607)

Europe (n = 1327)

Americas (n = 208)

India and Japan (n = 72)

P1

P2

Age

65.89 ± 10.80

66.31 ± 10.77

62.94 ± 10.31

66.56 ± 11.43

 < 0.001

N/A

Sex (M/F)

1030/574 (64.2/35.8%)

859/465 (64.9/35.1%)

123/85 (59.1/40.9%)

48/24 (66.7/33.3%)

0.249

0.299

Disease duration

6.34 ± 5.59

6.06 ± 5.41

8.28 ± 6.49

5.89 ± 4.97

 < 0.001

N/A

Hoehn and Yahr

2 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

3 (2–3.75)

 < 0.001

0.220

LEDD

551.38 ± 582.71

559.21 ± 590.26

589.27 ± 589.79

297.61 ± 298.45

 < 0.001

0.228

Drug-naïve

Oral medication

Apomorphine

Intrajejunal levodopa

Deep brain stimulation

191 (11.8%)

277 (82.8%)

25 (1.6%)

10 (0.6%)

51 (3.2%)

171 (12.9%)

1070 (80.6%)

25 (1.9%)

10 (0.8%)

51 (3.8%

19 (9.1%)

189 (90.9%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (2.8%)

70 (97.2%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

N/A

N/A

SCOPA-motor

Motor

Activities of daily living

Complications

11.40 ± 6.02

5.26 ± 3.52

2.08 ± 2.73

11.18 ± 5.89

5.19 ± 3.55

1.99 ± 2.73

11.41 ± 6.41

5.20 ± 3.49

2.45 ± 2.73

15.26 ± 6.08

6.56 ± 2.89

2.67 ± 2.61

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.001

0.125

0.192

0.940

NMSSa,b

1. Cardiovascular

2. Sleep/fatiguea,b

3. Mood/apathy

4. Perceptual

5. Memory

6. Gastrointestinal

7. Urinarya,b,c

8. Sexualb,c

9. Miscellaneousb,c

46.70 ± 37.17

1.69 ± 3.01

8.72 ± 7.33

8.37 ± 12.19

1.29 ± 3.31

4.83 ± 6.70

4.57 ± 5.82

7.40 ± 8.68

2.97 ± 5.67

6.87 ± 7.23

46.44 ± 36.33

1.74 ± 3.00

8.93 ± 7.43

8.00 ± 11.74

1.26 ± 3.24

4.80 ± 6.66

4.56 ± 6.66

7.51 ± 8.62

2.75 ± 5.44

6.89 ± 7.18

55.27 ± 42.80

1.60 ± 3.29

8.43 ± 7.21

11.21 ± 15.34

1.56 ± 3.98

5.68 ± 7.57

5.00 ± 6.72

8.44 ± 9.54

4.99 ± 7.20

8.36 ± 7.85

26.60 ± 25.14

1.06 ± 2.03

5.56 ± 4.70

6.81 ± 8.60

1.07 ± 2.26

2.81 ± 3.88

3.54 ± 4.26

2.35 ± 4.40

1.26 ± 2.84

2.14 ± 2.99

 < 0.001

0.236

0.001

0.058

0.397

0.103

0.939

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.068

0.020

0.299

0.440

0.220

0.754

 < 0.001

0.020

 < 0.001

HADSa,b

Anxietya,b,c

Depressionb,c

11.88 ± 7.45

6.29 ± 4.30

5.59 ± 3.96

11.24 ± 7.29

5.95 ± 4.21

5.29 ± 3.86

13.62 ± 7.55

7.49 ± 4.26

6.13 ± 3.98

18.32 ± 6.05

8.89 ± 4.52

9.43 ± 3.57

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

PDSSa,b

103.95 ± 29.14

106.90 ± 26.77

96.45 ± 28.82

74.06 ± 45.39

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

MMSEa

27.96 ± 2.84

28.06 ± 2.90

27.40 ± 2.49

27.96 ± 2.65

 < 0.001

0.008

VAS fatigue

Mental

Physical

34.33 ± 27.17

39.67 ± 26.07

34.65 ± 26.75

40.67 ± 25.52

30.81 ± 30.93

32.80 ± 30.02

38.75 ± 21.81

41.26 ± 20.50

0.003

 < 0.001

0.830

0.125

PDQ-8b,c

21.96 ± 15.78

20.85 ± 15.66

23.73 ± 14.55

36.81 ± 13.55

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, except for Hoehn and Yahr stage (median (25th-75th percentile)), or number (percentage). 1—uncorrected p-value; 2—p-value after Quade’s rank analysis correcting for age and disease duration and after correction for multiple testing using a Benjamini Hochberg procedure. Post-hoc analyses (corrected values using Benjamini–Hochberg procedure): adifference between Europe and Americas (p < 0.05); bdifference between Europe and India/Japan (p < 0.05); cdifference between Americas and India/Japan (p < 0.05).
  2. P-values in bold are significant (p ≤ 0.05).
Back to article page