Table 2 Non-motor burden and profile differences between drug-naïve and medicated participants with Parkinson’s disease.

From: Cross-sectional analysis of the Parkinson’s disease Non-motor International Longitudinal Study baseline non-motor characteristics, geographical distribution and impact on quality of life

Parameters

1. Drug-naïve patients (n = 191)

2. Disease duration < 5 years (n = 650)

3. Disease duration ≥ 5 years (n = 739)

P1

P2

Post-hoc groups 1–2

Post-hoc groups 2–3

Age

66.09 ± 11.68

65.17 ± 11.19

66.30 ± 9.81

0.197

0.205

N/A

N/A

Sex (M/F)

116/75 (60.7%/39.3%)

417/233 (64.2%/35.8%)

479/258 (64.1%/35.9%)

0.550

0.550

N/A

N/A

Disease duration

1.27 ± 1.18

2.69 ± 1.41

10.87 ± 5.09

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Hoehn and Yahr

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

LEDD

0.00 ± 0.00

420.54 ± 361.38

807.89 ± 664.53

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

SCOPA-motor

Motor

Activities of daily living

Complications

13.65 ± 7.52

10.00 ± 5.11

3.65 ± 3.01

0.00 ± 0.00

15.68 ± 8.34

10.28 ± 5.26

4.32 ± 2.98

1.08 ± 1.79

22.61 ± 10.97

12.67 ± 6.51

6.45 ± 3.60

3.49 ± 2.99

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.020

0.499

0.026

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

NMSS

1. Cardiovascular

2. Sleep/fatigue

3. Mood/apathy

4. Perceptual

5. Memory

6. Gastrointestinal

7. Urinary

8. Sexual

9. Miscellaneous

39.36 ± 32.90

1.47 ± 2.64

7.24 ± 6.72

9.07 ± 13.41

0.53 ± 1.68

4.05 ± 5.60

3.16 ± 4.94

5.59 ± 7.22

2.61 ± 5.31

5.63 ± 6.26

39.67 ± 33.37

1.44 ± 2.75

7.64 ± 6.60

7.51 ± 11.51

1.00 ± 2.63

4.33 ± 6.52

3.50 ± 4.68

6.29 ± 7.83

2.23 ± 4.93

5.74 ± 6.59

54.70 ± 39.68

1.97 ± 3.30

10.00 ± 7.86

8.94 ± 12.35

1.74 ± 4.02

5.49 ± 7.08

5.81 ± 6.58

8.85 ± 9.45

3.74 ± 6.25

8.14 ± 7.79

 < 0.001

0.020

 < 0.001

0.005

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.022

 < 0.001

0.006

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.962

0.446

0.798

0.086

0.657

0.979

0.345

0.343

0.648

0.994

 < 0.001

0.016

 < 0.001

0.003

0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

HADS

Anxiety

Depression

10.61 ± 7.57

5.74 ± 4.42

4.86 ± 3.91

11.52 ± 7.28

6.21 ± 4.34

5.31 ± 3.80

12.55 ± 7.50

6.52 ± 4.21

6.02 ± 4.07

0.001

0.016

 < 0.001

0.001

0.018

 < 0.001

0.295

0.343

0.265

0.304

0.005

0.031

PDSS

109.08 ± 27.12

106.92 ± 29.88

100.16 ± 28.61

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.604

 < 0.001

MMSE

28.27 ± 2.64

28.20 ± 2.46

27.66 ± 3.18

0.002

0.003

0.020

0.006

VAS fatigue

Mental

Physical

31.32 ± 29.19

36.79 ± 28.66

32.80 ± 26.31

38.15 ± 25.62

36.45 ± 27.06

42.00 ± 25.55

0.005

0.005

0.006

0.006

0.430

0.693

0.023

0.043

PDQ-8

6.59 ± 5.97

7.72 ± 5.86

10.33 ± 6.40

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.025

 < 0.001

  1. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, except for Hoehn and Yahr stage (median (25th–75th percentile)), or number (percentage). 1—uncorrected p-value; 2—p-value after correction for multiple testing using a Benjamini Hochberg procedure.
  2. P-values in bold are significant (p ≤ 0.05).
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