Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showing risk factors associated with rapid axial length elongation over 12 months.

From: Risk factors for rapid axial length elongation with low concentration atropine for myopia control

Risk factors

Non-adjusted OR, (95% CI)

P value

Adjust OR, (95% CI)

P value

Gender

    

Male

Reference

 

Reference

 

Female

0.78 (0.48–1.08)

0.22

0.79 (0.41−1.17)

0.73

Age (years)

0.54 (0.44–0.64)

 < 0.0001

0.58 (0.42–0.74)

 < 0. 0001 a

Body mass index (kg/m2)

0.87 (0.82–0.92)

0.0006

0.90 (0.71−1.09)

0.63

Heredity

−− (neither parent myopic)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 + − (one parent myopic)

0.59 (0.16–1.02)

0.12

0.62 (0.20–1.04)

0.25

 +  + (both parents myopic)

0.57 (0.19–0.95)

0.04

0.60 (0.18–1.02)

0.35

Atropine concentration

0.01%

Reference

 

Reference

 

0.02%

0.74 (0.53–0.95)

0.044

0.67 (0.38–0.96)

0.04 b

Intraocular pressure (mmHg)

1.06 (0.96–1.16)

0.22

1.05 (0.95–1.15)

0.65

Pupil diameter (mm)

1.07 (0.72–1.42)

0.86

0.84 (0.53–1.15)

0.74

Accommodation amplitude (D)

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

0.08

0.99 (0.85–1.13)

0.36

Corneal curvature (D)

0.86 (0.70–1.02)

0.16

0.84 (0.58–1.10)

0.21

Corneal astigmatism (D)

0.62 (0.18–1.06)

0.32

0.58 (0.12–1.04)

0.52

Anterior chamber depth (mm)

3.88 (1.34–6.42)

0.01

1.15 (0.22–2.08)

0.93

Spherical equivalent refractive error (D)

1.34 (1.13–1.55)

0.0003

1.02 (0.73–1.31)

0.65

AL baseline (mm)

0.60 (0.44–0.76)

0.0001

0.46 (0.21–0.71)

0.03 c

Outdoor activity (hours per day)※

0.84 (0.65–1.03)

0.11

0.93 (0.71–1.15)

0.52

Nearwork (hours per day)#

0.75 (0.42–1.08)

0.35

0.82 (0.60−1.04)

0.33

Change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (mm)

0.56 (0.37–0.75)

0.03

0.46 (0.24–0.68)

0.04 d

Change in accommodation amplitude between 1 year and baseline (D)

0.58 (0.12–1.04)

0.21

0.60 (0.20–1.00)

0.49

  1. The bold represents P value less than 0.05.
  2. Note: # due to: Spherical equivalent refractive error > -1.25D (N = 8) or <—6.0D (N = 2), astigmatism ≤—2.0D (N = 3), intraocular pressure > 21 mmHg (N = 2), had cataract surgery (N = 1).
  3. OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval.
  4. aAdjusted: body mass index (BMI), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), accommodation amplitude (AMP), anterior chamber depth (ACD), outdoor activity and nearwork.
  5. bAdjusted: age, parental myopia status, SER, AMP, corneal curvature, ACD and nearwork.
  6. cAdjusted: gender, age, BMI, SER, AMP, corneal curvature, ACD, outdoor activity and nearwork.
  7. dAdjusted: age, BMI, SER, AMP, pupil diameter, corneal curvature, ACD and nearwork.
  8. ※Outdoor activity = outdoor exercise + outdoor leisure activity. # Nearwork = 3* (homework + reading + playing on cell phone) + 2* (using computer + playing video game) + 1* (watching TV).
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