Table 2 Pooled prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in wild felids and subgroup analyses.
Host species | No. of studies | Detection method | Prevalence (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | Egger’s test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | Q | P value | T | P value | ||||
Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) | 3 | Serology | 47.1 (8.9–87.4) | 72.7 | 7.3 | 0.0256 | – | – |
Bobcat (Lynx rufus) | 18 | Serology | 60.5 (47.1–73.1) | 91.0 | 189.8 | < 0.0001 | 1.5 | 0.3255 |
5 | Stool exam | 4.1 (0.2–12.4) | 82.5 | 22.8 | 0.0001 | 1.0 | 0.1297 | |
Canadian Lynx (Lynx canadiensis) | 3 | Serology | 36.4 (10.8–67.2) | 91.7 | 24.1 | < 0.0001 | – | – |
Caracal (Caracal caracal) | 7 | Serology | 69.9 (49.6–86.8) | 0.0 | 5.1 | 0.5270 | − 0.3 | 0.9283 |
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) | 8 | Serology | 70.4 (48.1–88.5) | 81.0 | 36.7 | < 0.0001 | − 0.6 | 0.7904 |
Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) | 4 | Serology | 36.3 (9.0–69.7) | 65.8 | 8.7 | 0.0325 | 4.2 | 0.2131 |
Cougar (Puma concolor) | 24 | Serology | 56.1 (43.7–68.2) | 93.8 | 371.7 | < 0.0001 | 2.6 | 0.1155 |
6 | Stool exam | 4.7 (0.5–12.7) | 61.5 | 12.9 | 0.0236 | 0.8 | 0.0955 | |
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) | 6 | Serology | 42.1 (14.9–72.2) | 97.4 | 192.1 | < 0.0001 | 1.7 | 0.7428 |
European wildcat (Felis silvestris) | 7 | Serology | 76.8 (62.6–88.5) | 46.0 | 11.1 | 0.0848 | 0.5 | 0.6714 |
Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) | 5 | Serology | 60.7 (39.9–79.6) | 60.8 | 10.1 | 0.0373 | 1.7 | 0.6131 |
Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) | 4 | Serology | 66.2 (50.1–80.5) | 81.9 | 16.5 | 0.0009 | 2.9 | 0.6198 |
Jaguar (Panthera onca) | 9 | Serology | 74.4 (63.5–84) | 61.6 | 20.8 | 0.0076 | 1.7 | 0.1306 |
3 | Stool exam | 3.5 (1.3–13.7) | 66.9 | 6.0 | 0.0487 | – | – | |
Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) | 10 | Serology | 47.7 (41.6–53.9) | 0.0 | 8.5 | 0.4774 | 1.9 | 0.0053 |
Jungle cat (Felis chaus) | 2 | Serology | 44.5 (7.5–97.1) | – | 7.9 | 0.0047 | – | – |
Leopard (Panthera pardus) | 17 | Serology | 68.0 (46.5–86.1) | 72.5 | 58.1 | < 0.0001 | 5.1 | 0.0010 |
3 | Stool exam | 3.8 (0.1–17.6) | 84.9 | 13.2 | 0.0013 | – | – | |
Lion (Panthera leo) | 20 | Serology | 87.6 (79–94.3) | 79.9 | 94.6 | < 0.0001 | − 1.6 | 0.0175 |
3 | Stool exam | 4.9 (0.3–23.8) | 85.6 | 13.8 | 1.0010 | – | – | |
Margay (Leopardus wiedii) | 5 | Serology | 56.0 (46.4–65.4) | 29.0 | 5.6 | 0.2282 | 2.3 | 0.2958 |
Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) | 11 | Serology | 66.2 (58.1–73.8) | 45.6 | 18.3 | 0.0489 | 1.6 | 0.0921 |
3 | Stool exam | 15.9 (0.2–58.6) | 85.5 | 13.7 | 0.0010 | – | – | |
Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) | 9 | Serology | 59.0 (49.7–68) | 47.9 | 15.3 | 0.0527 | 1.4 | 0.2027 |
Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul) | 10 | Serology | 70.6 (43.9–91.3) | 89.3 | 84.1 | < 0.0001 | − 2.4 | 0.4067 |
Pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo) | 3 | Serology | 19.6 (6.1–38.3) | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.6878 | – | – |
Prionailurus cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) | 10 | Serology | 39.6 (24.3–56.1) | 60.0 | 22.4 | 0.0075 | 2.5 | 0.0606 |
5 | Stool exam | 4.0 (1.8–7.1) | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.8433 | − 0.2 | 0.4709 | |
Sand cat (Felis margarita) | 4 | Serology | 70.5 (49.9–87.5) | 66.8 | 9.0 | 0.0287 | 3.0 | 0.2817 |
Serval (Leptailurus serval) | 4 | Serology | 64.3 (35 to88.6) | 8.8 | 3.2 | 0.3493 | -4.1 | 0.7970 |
Snow leopard (Panthera uncial) | 2 | Serology | 52.6 (10.7–92.2) | – | 1.9 | 0.1607 | – | – |
Tiger (Panthera tigris) | 16 | Serology | 66.2 (51.4–79.5) | 61.9 | 39.3 | 0.0006 | 1.3 | 0.3862 |
4 | Stool exam | 7.4 (0–27.4) | 80.2 | 15.1 | 0.0017 | 1.8 | 0.2827 | |
