Table 3 Association between maternal perfluorooctanesulfonate levels (log10 scales) and their genotypes of encoded genes in receptors on maternal triglyceride or fatty acid levels during pregnancy (log10 scales) (relevant only).

From: Associations among perfluorooctanesulfonic/perfluorooctanoic acid levels, nuclear receptor gene polymorphisms, and lipid levels in pregnant women in the Hokkaido study

Gene name

Outcome

Exposure/genotype

Crude

Adjusted

β (95% CI)

P value

β (95% CI)

P value

PPARGC1A (G>A; rs8192678)

Triglyceride

PFOS

− 0.400 (− 0.606, − 0.194)

 < 0.001***

− 0.389 (− 0.599, − 0.179)

 < 0.001***

PPARGC1A GA/AA

− 0.150 (− 0.338, 0.038)

0.115

− 0.200 (− 0.387, − 0.013)

0.037*

PFOS × PPARGC1A GA/AA

0.234 (− 0.015, 0.482)

Pint = 0.065

0.300 (0.052, 0.548)

Pint = 0.018*

Palmitic acid

PFOS

− 0.367 (− 0.527, − 0.207)

 < 0.001***

− 0.372 (− 0.537, − 0.206)

 < 0.001***

PPARGC1A GA/AA

− 0.175 (− 0.321, − 0.029)

0.019*

− 0.204 (− 0.352, − 0.056)

0.007**

PFOS × PPARGC1A GA/AA

0.243 (0.051, 0.436)

Pint = 0.014*

0.289 (0.093, 0.485)

Pint = 0.004**

Palmitoleic acid

PFOS

− 0.496 (− 0.728, − 0.264)

 < 0.001***

− 0.452 (− 0.691, − 0.213)

 < 0.001***

PPARGC1A GA/AA

− 0.192 (− 0.403, 0.019)

0.074

− 0.219 (− 0.432, − 0.006)

0.044*

PFOS × PPARGC1A GA/AA

0.304 (0.025, 0.583)

Pint = 0.033*

0.345 (0.063, 0.628)

Pint = 0.017*

Oleic acid

PFOS

− 0.445 (− 0.620, − 0.269)

 < 0.001***

− 0.436 (− 0.615, − 0.256)

 < 0.001***

PPARGC1A GA/AA

− 0.233 (− 0.392, − 0.073)

0.004**

− 0.266 (− 0.426, − 0.106)

0.001**

PFOS × PPARGC1A GA/AA

0.322 (0.111, 0.533)

Pint = 0.003**

0.377 (0.164, 0.589)

Pint = 0.001**

PPARD (T>C; rs1053049)

Palmitic acid

PFOS

− 0.266 (− 0.373, − 0.159)

 < 0.001***

− 0.248 (− 0.362, − 0.134)

 < 0.001***

PPARD TC/CC

− 0.164 (− 0.309, − 0.018)

0.027*

− 0.186 (− 0.335, − 0.038)

0.014*

PFOS × PPARD TC/CC

0.217 (0.023, 0.411)

Pint = 0.028*

0.250 (0.052, 0.448)

Pint = 0.014*

Oleic acid

PFOS

− 0.299 (− 0.417, − 0.181)

 < 0.001***

− 0.265 (− 0.389, − 0.140)

 < 0.001***

PPARD TC/CC

− 0.179 (− 0.339, − 0.019)

0.029*

− 0.208 (− 0.370, − 0.046)

0.012*

PFOS × PPARD TC/CC

0.251 (0.038, 0.463)

Pint = 0.021*

0.294 (0.078, 0.510)

Pint = 0.008**

PPARD (A>G; rs2267668)

Palmitic acid

PFOS

− 0.262 (− 0.369, − 0.155)

 < 0.001***

− 0.244 (− 0.357, − 0.130)

 < 0.001***

PPARD AG/GG

− 0.154 (− 0.300, − 0.007)

0.040*

− 0.176 (− 0.326, − 0.026)

0.021*

PFOS × PPARD AG/GG

0.207 (0.012, 0.402)

Pint = 0.037*

0.243 (0.043, 0.443)

Pint = 0.017*

Oleic acid

PFOS

− 0.295 (− 0.412, − 0.177)

 < 0.001***

− 0.259 (− 0.382, − 0.136)

 < 0.001***

PPARD AG/GG

− 0.162 (− 0.323, − 0.001)

0.049*

− 0.190 (− 0.353, − 0.027)

0.022*

PFOS × PPARD AG/GG

0.240 (0.026, 0.454)

Pint = 0.028*

0.286 (0.068, 0.503)

Pint = 0.010*

  1. CI, confidence interval; FA, fatty acid; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonate; PPARD, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; PPARGC1A, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha.
  2. Association between PFOS and any FA levels were tested in multiple linear regression models.
  3. Crude: Non-adjusted.
  4. Adjusted: Adjusted for maternal age (years; continuous), maternal smoking during the 3rd trimester (yes/no), maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy (yes/no), annual household income (< 5/ ≥ 5 million Japanese Yen), parity (primiparous/multiparous), and sampling period (gestational days; continuous).
  5. β (95% CI) represents change in log10-transformed levels of triglyceride (mg/100 mL), palmitic acid (μg/mL), palmitoleic acid (μg/mL), or oleic acid (μg/mL) for each tenfold increase in PFOS levels (ng/mL).
  6. Pint represents P value for interaction.
  7. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
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