Table 2 Protective role of bilirubin against variety of cellular stresses in endothelial cells.

From: Heme cytotoxicity is the consequence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in atherosclerotic plaque progression

Cell type

BR concentration

Effect

References

Human coronary artery endothelial cells

1, 5, and 10 µM BR

Preincubation of HCAECs with BR protects against TNF-α-mediated endothelial inflammation

70

Human glomerular endothelial cell

10 µM

BR significantly attenuates vascular endothelin-1 release in placental ischemia model

71

Bovine aortic endothelial cells

0.5 µM

BR protects endothelial cells against high glucose-induced damage

72

Human aortic endothelial cells

5 µM

BR attenuates vascular endothelial activation and dysfunction

73

Cerebral microvascular endothelial cells

1 µM

BR prevents TNF-α-induced apoptosis

74