Figure 8 | Scientific Reports

Figure 8

From: Tumor necroptosis is correlated with a favorable immune cell signature and programmed death-ligand 1 expression in cholangiocarcinoma

Figure 8

Proposed mechanisms of necroptosis activation-promoted immune cell infiltration and PD-L1 expression in cholangiocarcinoma. Necroptosis activation in CCA cells increases proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production which creates inflammatory tumor microenvironment and recruits tumor-infiltrating immune cells and T cell trafficking to the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from the necroptotic CCA cells activate T cells, which in turn promote PD-L1 expression in CCA cells. *Created with BioRender.com

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