Table 1 Natural enemies of Tuta absoluta used in this study.

From: The pest kill rate of thirteen natural enemies as aggregate evaluation criterion of their biological control potential of Tuta absoluta

Natural enemy

Short characterization

Reference / data

Predators

Campyloneuropsis infumatus (Carvalho) (Hemip.: Miridae)

zoophytophagous2, polyphagous, preference for eggs and L1 of T. absoluta Neoptropical

van Lenteren et al. 2019 complete cohorts, low uncertainty1

Engytatus varians (Distant) (Hemip.: Miridae)

zoophytophagous, polyphagous, preference for eggs and L1 of T. absoluta Neotropical

van Lenteren et al. 2019 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Macrolophus basicornis (Stäl) (Hemip.: Miridae)

zoophytophagous, polyphagous, preference for eggs and L1 of T. absoluta Neotropical

van Lenteren et al. 2019 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) (Hemip.: Miridae)

zoophytophagous, polyphagous, preference for eggs and L1 of T. absoluta Palearctic

Mollá et al. 2014; complete cohort immatures, adult predation incomplete, medium uncertainty

Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hemip.: Miridae)

zoophytophagous, polyphagous, preference for eggs and L1 of T. absoluta Paleotropic

Mollá et al. 2014; complete cohort immatures, adult predation incomplete, medium uncertainty

Tupiocoris cucurbitaceus (Spinola) (Hemip.: Miridae)

zoophytophagous, polyphagous, preference for eggs and L1 of T. absoluta Neotropical

Lopez et al. 2019; fertility life table complete, partial predation data, high uncertainty

Parasitoids

Bracon nigricans Szépligeti (Hym.: Braconidae)

idiobiont3, synovigenic3, oligophagous, gregarious7 larval ectoparasitoid with non-reproductive host killing/host feeding, prefers L3-L4 of T.absoluta; Paleotropic

Biondi et al. 2013 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Dineulophus phthorimaeae de Santis (Hym.: Eulophidae)

idiobiont, synovigenic, oligophagous, solitary8 larval ecoparasitoid with non-reproductive host killing/host feeding; prefers L3 of T. absoluta; America

Luna et al. 2010, Savino et al. 2012 complete cohort adults, incomplete immature data; medium uncertainty

Dolichogenidea (Apanteles) gelechiidivoris Marsh. (Hym.: Braconidae)

koinobiont4, proovigenic5, oligophagous, solitary larval endoparasitoid prefers L1 and L2 of T.absoluta; America

Aigbedion-Atalor et al. 2020 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Necremnus tutae Ribes and Bernardo (= N. artynes) (Walker) (Hym.: Eulophidae)

idiobiont, synovigenic, oligophagous, predominantly solitary larval ectoparasitoid with non-reproductive host killing/host feeding; prefers L3 of T. absoluta; Palearctic

Calvo et al. 2013 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Pseudapanteles dingus (Muesebeck) (Hym.: Braconidae)

koinobiont, moderately proovigenic, oligophagous solitary larval endoparasitoid America, main natural enemy spontaneously occurring parasitoid in tomato crops

Nieves et al. 2015 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)

proovigenic, polyphagous solitary endoparasitoid of eggs, concurrent non-destructive when host feeding food (honey) is available, America

Bajonero 2016 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)

proovigenic, polyphagous solitary endoparasitoid of eggs, concurrent non-destructive host feeding and non-reproductive host killing/feeding when no alternative food is available, America

Montes 2020 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)

proovigenic, polyphagous solitary endoparasitoid of eggs, Asia

Riquelme Virgala & Botto 2010 complete cohorts, low uncertainty

  1. 1uncertainty: low = all data needed to calculate pest kill rate available; medium = part of data needed to be estimated; high = many data needed to be estimated; complete cohort data were available for predation and fertility of the predators C. infumatus, E. varians and M. basicornis; for M. pygmaeus and N. tenuis complete cohort data were available for predation of the nymphal stages and fertility, and partial data for predation by adults; for T. cucurbitaceus, complete data were available for fertility and partial data for predation by nymphs and adults. For six of the seven species of parasitoids, complete cohort data were available for parasitism, non-reproductive host killing and fertility; for D. phtorimaeae complete cohort data were available for the adult stage, but some data for immature development had to be estimated; 2zoophytophagous = eats arthropods and feeds on plants; 3idiobiont = paralysis of host at oviposition, no further development of host;4koinobiont = host continues development after being parasitized; 5proovigenic = most eggs are mature at emergence; 6synovigenic = eggs mature after emergence; 7gregarious = more than one parasitoid can develop on a host; 8solitary = one parasitoid develops per host.
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