Table 3 Differences between etiologies of cardiac hypertrophy associated versus not associated with hyperinsulinism.

From: The etiology of cardiac hypertrophy in infants

 

Etiologies of cardiac hypertrophy associated with hyperinsulinism (n = 22, 31%)*

Etiologies of cardiac hypertrophy not associated with hyperinsulinism (n = 25, 35%)

p value

Echocardiography

Age of first echocardiography with hypertrophy (days/months)

2d (1d-1.8m)

4.4m (12d-7.7m)

 < 0.01

Interventricular septum thickness

mm

7.3 (6.2–8.1)

8.7 (6.1–10.9)

0.24

Z-score

+ 2.9 (2.4–3.6)

+ 3.4 (2.1–4.6)

0.45

Left ventricular posterior wall thickness

mm

4.9 (3.6–5.5)

6.4 (5.4–8.1)

< 0.01

Z-score

+ 2.4 (1.0–3.0)

+ 3.3 (2.9–4.5)

< 0.01

Distribution left ventricular hypertrophy

Z-score ≥ 2.0 [n (%)]

 Interventricular septum

8 (36)

1 (4)

0.01

 Left ventricular posterior wall

3 (14)

3 (12)

1.00

 Interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall

11 (50)

21 (84)

0.03

Ratio interventricular septum:left ventricular posterior wall

1.5 (1.3–2.0)

1.2 (1.1–1.5)

0.02

Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy [n (%)]

13 (59)

8 (32)

0.08

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction [n (%)]

3 (14)

7 (28)

0.30

Left ventricular function

Decreased left ventricular systolic function [n (%)]

5 (23)

10 (40)

0.23

Symptomatic [n (%)]

10 (46)

11 (44)

1.00

Etiology [n (%)]

 Maternal diabetes mellitus

13 (59)

0 (0)

 

 Malformation syndromes

6 (27)*

17 (68)

 

 Sarcomeric disease

0 (0)

2 (8)

 

 Metabolic disease

0 (0)

5 (20)

 

 Congenital hyperinsulinism

3 (14)

0 (0)

 

 Neuromuscular disease

0 (0)

1 (4)

 

Prognosis

Cardiac hypertrophy normalized [n (%)]

13 (59)

7 (28)

0.01

Age cardiac hypertrophy normalized (days/months/years)

102 (52–603)

904 (602–1830)

 < 0.01

Cardiac hypertrophy normalized in first year [n (%)]

9 (41)

0 (0)

0.01

All cause mortality [n (%)]

3 (14)

11 (44)

0.03

Age of death (days/months)

65 (35–73)

138 (66–249)

0.09

Cardiac hypertrophy cause of death [n (%)]

1 (33)

7 (64)

0.54

  1. Non-parametric data are presentated as median (with interquartile range 25–75%), group differences were tested by Mann–Whitney U test. Where appropriate, values are presented in number of patients with percentages, group differences were tested by Fisher’s Exact Test.
  2. *Maternal diabetes mellitus (n = 13), malformation syndromes (n = 6, of which Costello n = 2; Beckwith–Wiedeman n = 1; Leprechaunism n = 1; Berardinelli–Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy n = 2) and congenital hyperinsulinism (n = 3).
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