Table 2 Association between internal dose of metals in quartiles and presence of a clinical outcome at follow-up expressed as Prevalence Ratio (PR), (p-value)1,2.

From: Exposure to metals and morbidity at eight years follow-up in women of childbearing age

 

Metal3 (n = 111)

Geometric mean

95% CI

Hematology (n = 6) vs none (n = 105)

Cancer/benign (n = 15) vs none (n = 96)

Cardiovascular (n = 16) vs none (n = 95)

Psychiatric (n = 14) vs none (n = 97)

Obesity (n = 31) vs none (n = 80)

DM (n = 9) vs none (n = 102)

Neurological (n = 40) vs none (n = 71)

Asthma/respiratory (n = 28) vs none (n = 83)

Biometals

Na, ppm

1629.3

969.3; 2738.7

1.11 (.774)

1.48 (.129)

0.96 (.844)

0.71 (.082)

1.23 (.140)

0.93 (.824)

1.18 (.126)

0.97 (.816)

K, ppm

998.9

604.8;649.6

0.64 (.774)

1.16 (.463)

1.07 (.734)

0.91 (.677)

1.36 (.027)

1.24 (.439)

1.18 (.142)

1.00 (.975)

Mg, ppm

15.2

9.4; 24.4

1.13 (.603)

1.20 (.398)

1.15 (.470)

1.00 (.997)

1.23 (.132)

1.06 (.823)

0.99 (.933)

0.94 (.671)

Ca, ppm

19.7

12.3; 31.5

1.11 (.752)

1.30 (.231)

1.02 (.939)

1.21 (.327)

1.26 (.091)

1.04 (.874)

1.07 (.549)

1.26 (.097)

Se, ppb

19.6

13.7; 27.9

0.85 (.644)

1.23 (.374)

1.31 (.174)

1.15 (.522)

1.23 (.142)

1.03 (.913)

1.00 (.965)

0.97 (.836)

Zn, ppb

146.5

93.6; 229.3

1.07 (.786)

1.27 (.261)

1.28 (.115)

1.11 (.653)

1.16 (.306)

1.19 (.548)

1.13 (.267)

0.91 (.508)

Cu, ppb

12.1

8.6; 17.1

0.73 (.378)

1.29 (.200)

1.06 (.805)

1.01 (.976)

1.36 (.032)

0.99 (.970)

1.16 (.197)

0.88 (.334)

Non-essential metals

Li, ppb4

6.6

4.6; 9.4

0.89 (.706)

1.36 (.169)

1.33 (.247)

–

1.02 (.908)

1.25 (.529)

1.10 (.442)

0.72 (.026)

Co, ppb

0.9

0.7; 1.2

0.87 (.638)

0.92 (.653)

1.09 (.636)

1.11 (.575)

1.20 (.177)

0.94 (.824)

1.03 (.783)

0.99 (.943)

Ni, ppb

1.2

1.0; 1.6

0.97 (.931)

1.47 (.108)

1.07 (.730)

1.02 (.906)

1.27 (.087)

0.99 (.982)

1.05 (.672)

0.92 (.509)

Tl, ppb

0.04

0.0; 0.1

1.72 (.023)

1.47 (.072)

1.11 (.613)

0.79 (.201)

1.05 (.717)

0.95 (.837)

0.93 (.463)

0.87 (.292)

Al, ppb

6.1

3.8; 9.9

1.30 (.497)

1.12 (.608)

1.08 (.700)

0.76 (.247)

1.39 (.026)

1.04 (.919)

0.91 (.387)

0.89 (.437)

Cr, ppb

0.6

0.4; 0.9

2.09 (.073)

1.07 (.680)

1.10 (.678)

1.44 (.086)

0.99 (.921)

0.70 (.299)

1.06 (.575)

0.94 (.697)

Sr, ppb

72.7

48.3; 109.7

1.46 (.209)

1.16 (.471)

1.24 (.209)

1.21 (.329)

1.19 (.213)

0.81 (.482)

1.07 (.563)

1.15 (.331)

Ba, ppb

1.3

0.9; 1.9

1.24 (.434)

0.91 (.668)

1.15 (.488)

1.34 (.218)

1.19 (.190)

0.65 (.181)

1.20 (.101)

1.13 (.339)

Cd, ppb

0.2

0.2; 0.3

1.24 (.517)

1.75 (.020)

1.05 (.802)

1.05 (.801)

1.05 (.742)

1.12 (.682)

1.08 (.448)

0.90 (.448)

Be, ppb

0.1

0.1; 0.2

0.81 (.434)

0.82 (.295)

0.74 (.120)

1.26 (.321)

1.18 (.180)

1.00 (.988)

1.11 (.353)

1.11 (.450)

V, ppb

0.04

0.0; 0.1

1.13 (.666)

1.26 (.240)

1.40 (.082)

0.78 (.202)

1.22 (.097)

1.34 (.287)

1.08 (.454)

1.01 (.938)

As, ppb

3.6

2.3; 5.5

1.31 (.438)

1.43 (.039)

1.36 (.102)

0.79 (.310)

1.06 (.633)

0.96 (.898)

1.21 (.074)

0.83 (.209)

Fe, ppb

1.2

0.5; 2.5

1.34 (.438)

1.24 (.231)

1.21 (.470)

0.75 (.194)

1.25 (.069)

0.94 (.806)

1.06 (.567)

0.99 (.946)

Mo, ppb

7.2

3.9; 13.6

1.15 (.668)

1.38 (.132)

1.11 (.589)

1.28 (.191)

1.05 (.724)

0.89 (.734)

1.01 (.908)

0.72 (.027)

Mn, ppb

0.03

0.02; 0.04

1.34 (.774)

1.05 (.759)

1.41 (.027)

1.01 (.965)

0.86 (.284)

1.32 (.262)

1.09 (.333)

1.13 (.297)

Ag, ppb

0.04

0.0; 0.1

1.12 (.710)

1.05 (.790)

1.74 (.001)

0.86 (.502)

1.08 (.494)

1.04 (.900)

1.05 (.586)

1.05 (.654)

Pb, ppb

0.2

0.1; 0.3

1.72 (.138)

0.90 (.527)

1.38 (.084)

0.95 (.800)

1.00 (.966)

1.05 (.857)

0.86 (.127)

0.96 (.732)

U, ppb

0.01

0.01; 0.01

1.41 (.280)

1.10 (.623)

0.91 (.668)

0.73 (.294)

0.81 (.187)

1.01 (.958)

0.88 (.364)

0.86 (.336)

Any non-essential metal in 4th quartile, % (n/N)

in the group with disease

100.0 (6)

100.0 (15)

100.0 (16)

92.9 (13)

87.1 (27)

77.8 (7)

95.0 (38)

96.4 (27)

   

in the group without disease

84.8 (89)

83.3 (80)

83.2 (79)

84.5 (82)

85.0 (68)

83.6 (88)

80.3 (57)

84.3 (70)

   

p-value for comparison

0.301

0.087

0.076

0.407

0.778

0.487

0.034

0.096

   

Number of non-essential metals in 4th quartile

In the group with disease Median

4.0

5.0

5.5

4.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

3.5

   

In the group without disease Median

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

   

p-value for comparison

0.560

0.440

0.076

0.617

0.271

0.656

0.753

0.388

   
  1. 1The table presents a Prevalence Ratio (PR) reflecting a multiplicative variation in the metals' concentrations associated with presence of a health outcome, adjusted to age. Age was statistically associated with the cardio-vascular outcome, psychiatric morbidity, obesity and diabetes mellitus.
  2. 2Estimates with p-value < 0.1 are shaded.
  3. 3Li values in subjects with a psychiatric diagnosis were defined as missing.
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