Table 1 Characteristics of study population by presence of dementia (n = 65,895).

From: Visual impairment increases the risk of dementia, especially in young males in a 12-year longitudinal follow-up study of a national cohort

Variables, n (%)

Dementia group (n = 7607)

Control group (n = 58,288)

p value

VI

  

< 0.0001

Noa

5790 (76.1%)

46,926 (80.5%)

 

Yes

1817 (23.9%)

11,362 (19.5%)

 

Age

  

< 0.0001

< 65 years

882 (11.6%)

32,973 (56.6%)

 

≥ 65 years

6725 (88.4%)

25,315 (43.4%)

 

Sex

  

< 0.0001

Male

3001 (39.5%)

33,489 (57.5%)

 

Female

4606 (60.5%)

24,799 (42.5%)

 

VI severity

Mild VI

1356 (17.8%)

9269 (15.9%)

< 0.0001

Severe VI

461 (6.1%)

2093 (3.6%)

< 0.0001

VI with other impairment

Hearing impairment

32 (0.4%)

186 (0.3%)

< 0.0001

Kidney impairment

23 (0.3%)

193 (0.3%)

1.0000

Comorbidity

Depression

1060 (13.9%)

4736 (8.1%)

< 0.0001

Dyslipidemia

1924 (25.3%)

12,112 (20.8%)

< 0.0001

Stroke

896 (11.8%)

3087 (5.3%)

< 0.0001

Coronary heart disease

1525 (20%)

8078 (13.9%)

< 0.0001

Hypertension

4314 (56.7%)

22,404 (38.4%)

< 0.0001

Diabetes mellitus

2805 (36.9%)

15,055 (25.8%)

< 0.0001

BMIb,c

  

< 0.0001

Underweight

311 (4.1%)

1442 (2.5%)

 

Normal

2112 (27.8%)

16,558 (28.4%)

 

Overweight

1323 (17.4%)

12,862 (22.1%)

 

Obese

1583 (20.8%)

16,991 (29.2%)

 

Household income levelb,d

  

< 0.0001

Low

1296 (17%)

10,678 (18.3%)

 

Middle-low

1093 (14.4%)

10,436 (17.9%)

 

Middle-high

1618 (21.3%)

14,186 (24.3%)

 

High

2509 (33%)

19,079 (32.7%)

 
  1. VI = visual impairment; BMI = body mass index.
  2. aSubjects who had never been diagnosed with V1 or other disabilities.
  3. bThere exist missing values in data: 12,713 (19.3%) and 5000 (7.6%) of the entire population for BMI and household income level, respectively.
  4. cBMI was classified as normal (18.5–22.9), underweight (< 18.5), overweight (23–24.9), and obese (≥ 25).
  5. dAccording to medical insurance fee, household income level was classified as low (1–5 ventiles), middle-low (6–10 ventiles), middle-high (11–15 ventiles), and high (16–20 ventiles).
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