Table 3 Sensitivity analyses by additional adjustment with comorbidities, BMI and household income level according to sub-types of dementia.

From: Visual impairment increases the risk of dementia, especially in young males in a 12-year longitudinal follow-up study of a national cohort

Variables

Any dementia (n = 65,985)

AD (n = 66,640)

VaD (n = 61,890)

FTD (n = 60,340)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

VI (yes)

2.290 (1.946–2.694)

2.261 (1.869–2.735)

3.810 (2.859–5.076)

2.272 (1.352–3.817)

Age group (≥ 65 years)

9.926 (8.995–10.953)

11.616 (10.368–13.013)

11.000 (8.959–13.505)

12.756 (9.321–17.458)

Sex (female)

1.430 (1.352–1.513)

1.503 (1.412–1.600)

1.297 (1.161–1.449)

1.594 (1.343–1.891)

Comorbidity (yes)

Depression

1.405 (1.299–1.521)

1.422 (1.306–1.548)

1.409 (1.208–1.643)

1.226 (0.952–1.578)

Dyslipidemia

0.886 (0.827–0.949)

0.919 (0.853–0.991)

0.856 (0.749–0.978)

0.760 (0.615–0.938)

Stroke

1.517 (1.388–1.658)

1.604 (1.457–1.765)

2.112 (1.806–2.470)

1.519 (1.152–2.002)

Coronary heart disease

1.099 (1.021–1.182)

1.067 (0.985–1.155)

1.081 (0.940–1.244)

1.125 (0.903–1.402)

Hypertension

1.374 (1.290–1.464)

1.315 (1.226–1.409)

1.576 (1.387–1.791)

1.313 (1.085–1.587)

Diabetes mellitus

1.273 (1.198–1.353)

1.236 (1.156–1.322)

1.451 (1.288–1.635)

1.369 (1.140–1.645)

BMIa,b

Underweight

1.489 (1.316–1.686)

1.566 (1.367–1.794)

1.231 (0.936–1.619)

1.443 (0.972–2.142)

Normal

1.000 (reference)

1.000 (reference)

1.000 (reference)

1.000 (reference)

Overweight

0.797 (0.742–0.856)

0.787 (0.727–0.851)

0.782 (0.680–0.899)

0.844 (0.682–1.044)

Obese

0.676 (0.631–0.724)

0.703 (0.652–0.757)

0.639 (0.558–0.731)

0.662 (0.538–0.814)

Household income levela,c

Low

1.000 (reference)

1.000 (reference)

1.000 (reference)

1.000 (reference)

Middle-low

0.883 (0.806–0.967)

1.028 (0.928–1.139)

1.027 (0.854–1.235)

0.829 (0.626–1.098)

Middle-high

0.855 (0.788–0.929)

0.977 (0.889–1.074)

1.018 (0.861–1.205)

0.822 (0.638–1.057)

High

0.876 (0.811–0.946)

1.054 (0.966–1.149)

0.995 (0.851–1.165)

0.931 (0.741–1.170)

  1. VI = visual impairment; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; AD = Alzheimer’s disease; VaD = vascular dementia; FTD = frontotemporal dementia; BMI = body mass index.
  2. aThere exist missing values in data: 12,713 (19.3%) and 5000 (7.6%) of the entire population for BMI and household income level, respectively.
  3. bBMI was classified as normal (18.5–22.9), underweight (< 18.5), overweight (23–24.9), and obese (≥ 25).
  4. cAccording to medical insurance fee, household income level was classified as low (1–5 ventiles), middle-low (6–10 ventiles), middle-high (11–15 ventiles), and high (16–20 ventiles).
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