Figure 5

(a–f) SEM micrographs illustrating sequential V-cracking processes at various bending angles in the Z steel. Bending procedures are classified into four stages: (a,b) formation of small V-crack, (c) increase in number and size of V-cracks, (d) initiation of shear-crack propagation from the V-crack tip, and (e,f) further propagation and opening of shear crack to reach the failure.