Table 4 Clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonography assessments at baseline and follow-up according to baseline eGFR categories.

Baseline

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

80.2 ± 7.0^bc

102.3 ± 7.7^ac

130.8 ± 13.4^ab

< 0.0001

Age (years)

7 ± 1^bc

8 ± 2^a

8 ± 2^a

< 0.0001

Sex (female %)

49

54

57

NS

Puberty (%)

6

12

18

0.02

Overweight/obesity (%)

24

31

39

NS

BMI-SDS

0.2 ± 1.2

0.3 ± 1.3

0.6 ± 1.4

NS

Height-SDS

0.3 ± 1.1

0.5 ± 1.1

0.3 ± 1.4

NS

Weight-SDS

0.3 ± 1.2

0.5 ± 1.3

0.7 ± 1.6

NS

Waist (cm)

58.2 ± 10.1^bc

63.3 ± 12.6^a

66.8 ± 15.5^a

< 0.0001

SBP (mmHg)

102.9 ± 8.9^c

105.5 ± 11.0

108.1 ± 12.6^a

0.007

DBP (mmHg)

58.5 ± 7.3^c

60.0 ± 7.5

62.0 ± 6.7^a

0.01

Hypertension (%)

4

5

7

NS

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.57 ± 0.07^bc

0.47 ± 0.06^ac

0.38 ± 0.06^ab

< 0.0001

Glucose (mg/dL)

85.4 ± 6.2

86.4 ± 6.8

86.4 ± 6.0

NS

Insulin (µU/mL)

3.3 ± 3.8^bc

4.7 ± 4.6^ac

6.8 ± 7.5^ab

< 0.0001

HOMA-IR

0.7 ± 0.8^bc

1.0 ± 0.9^ac

1.4 ± 1.5^ab

< 0.0001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

56.7 ± 11.8

58.4 ± 14.7

58.0 ± 15.3

NS

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

84.7 ± 19.1^c

94.1 ± 23.1

99.3 ± 27.8^a

0.03

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

169.7 ± 29.6

164.6 ± 26.8

170.5 ± 31.9

NS

Triacylglycerol (mg/dL)

58.4 ± 23.8

59.0 ± 31.3

63.8 ± 34.2

NS

Renal length (cm)

8.5 ± 0.8^c

8.6 ± 0.9^c

9.1 ± 1.2^ab

0.005

Renal volume (cm³)

66.6 ± 18.7^bc

76.3 ± 20.9^ac

87.9 ± 34.4^ab

< 0.0001

Follow-up

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

93.1 ± 11.3^bc

103.2 ± 15.0^ac

117.7 ± 17.5^ab

< 0.0001

Age (years)

11 ± 2^bc

12 ± 2^a

13 ± 2^a

< 0.0001

Puberty (%)

56

65

74

NS

Overweight/obesity (%)

22

32

36

NS

BMI-SDS

0.2 ± 1.2

0.4 ± 1.3

0.8 ± 1.8

NS

Height-SDS

0.3 ± 1.1

0.4 ± 1.0

0.1 ± 1.0

NS

Weight-SDS

0.3 ± 1.2

0.6 ± 1.3

0.7 ± 1.8

NS

Waist (cm)

70.8 ± 12.3^bc

74.7 ± 13.9^a

77.0 ± 18.4^a

0.007

SBP (mmHg)

105.3 ± 11.8^bc

112.4 ± 12.6^a

115.2 ± 13.9^a

< 0.0001

DBP (mmHg)

58.0 ± 7.8^bc

62.1 ± 7.5^a

61.5 ± 8.1^a

< 0.0001

Hypertension (%)

1

4

2

NS

Glucose (mg/dL)

86.9 ± 5.8

87.0 ± 7.0

85.3 ± 7.6

NS

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.61 ± 0.08^c

0.60 ± 0.12^c

0.54 ± 0.11^ab

< 0.0001

Insulin (µU/mL)

6.3 ± 4.9^bc

10.2 ± 6.4^a

11.5 ± 7.2^a

< 0.0001

HOMA-IR

1.3 ± 1.1^bc

2.2 ± 1.4^a

2.4 ± 1.6^a

< 0.0001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

57.3 ± 12.5

57.2 ± 16.0

57.8 ± 18.3

NS

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

78.7 ± 25.3

81.1 ± 22.2

87.1 ± 24.5

NS

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

163.8 ± 28.4^b

152.6 ± 28.8^a

158.6 ± 28.4

0.001

Triacylglycerol (mg/dL)

60.2 ± 26.1^c

67.4 ± 34.3

67.6 ± 30.6

NS

Renal length (cm)

9.4 ± 0.8^bc

10.0 ± 1.0^a

10.3 ± 1.4^a

< 0.0001

Renal volume (cm³)

86.1 ± 26.2 ^bc

110.2 ± 35.6 ^a

124.2 ± 50.4 ^a

< 0.0001