Figure 2
From: Probiotics: their action against pathogens can be turned around
Impact of Lactip. plantarum strain L75a (L.p.) against V. parahaemolyticus strain 64 (V.p.) on the survival, histology and microbial community of D. rerio. The D. rerio were co-incubated with a lower or higher density of V.p. (104 or 106 cells ml−1, respectively) and supplemented with or without the fermented broth of L.p.. The control treatments were supplemented without (untreated) or with the fermented broth (L.p. only). Scoring and sample collection were conducted after 9 days of cultivation when the mean survival of at least 2 replicates of the same treatment just plunged to 50%. (a) Mean survival percentage of D. rerio. (b) Histological morphologies of the muscle, liver and intestine of D. rerio based on H&E-staining and TEM photomicrography. Green, orange, black, red, grey, white, yellow, pink and blue arrows indicate acute muscle necrosis (wavy shape), disappearing muscle fibres, lipid droplets, liver necrosis, liver parenchyma lysed area, (curved) rod-shaped bacterial-sized cells, disappearing liver cell membrane, swelling ribosomes, and damaged/malformed intestinal structure, respectively. (c) A total of 3367 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and the abundance percentage of the genera detected in the muscle, liver and intestine of D. rerio are shown. The detected genera without designated genus names and with mean percentage lower than 3.0% are not shown. (a) and (c), error bars represent S.E.M. (N = 3). In the same category, survival percentage of D. rerio (a) or abundance percentage of each genus (c), treatments with filled circles of different colours (black, grey or blue) indicate statistically significant differences.
