Table 2 The effects of interval and continuous exercise regimens on echocardiographic parameters in hypoxia at rest and during HE.

	HIIT		MICT		CTL
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Heart Rate	76 ± 2	72 ± 3	75 ± 2	74 ± 2	75 ± 3	75 ± 2
Systemic Resistance
MAP, mmHg	81 ± 2	76 ± 3 *, #	81 ± 3	74 ± 3 *, #	82 ± 3	82 ± 2
TPR, mmHg·L⁻¹·min⁻¹	22.8 ± 1.5	18.4 ± 1.3 *, #	21.7 ± 1.2	18.7 ± 1.4 *, #	22.1 ± 0.9	22.3 ± 1.2
RPP, mmHg·bpm	81.3 ± 2.1	75.9 ± 2.5 *, #	81.1 ± 2.7	74.0 ± 2.8 *, #	82.1 ± 3.5	82.4 ± 2.0
Pulmonary Resistance
PVR rest, WU	1.02 ± 0.04	0.84 ± 0.03 *, #	1.05 ± 0.08	0.90 ± 0.04 *	1.01 ± 0.04	1.04 ± 0.07
PVR ex, WU	1.16 ± 0.05	1.05 ± 0.05 *, #	1.17 ± 0.05	1.13 ± 0.06	1.17 ± 0.04	1.17 ± 0.03
RVSP rest, mmHg	27.0 ± 1.3	21.1 ± 1.2 *, #	27.6 ± 2.2	22.8 ± 1.2 *, #	27.2 ± 1.4	27.9 ± 1.9
RVSP ex, mmHg	29.4 ± 1.6	23.2 ± 1.1 *, #	29.6 ± 2.2	26.5 ± 1.3	29.2 ± 1.6	29.8 ± 1.9
Right Ventricular Systolic Function
RVEF, %	59.5 ± 6.0	69.1 ± 2.8 *	60.5 ± 3.5	62.4 ± 3.8	61.2 ± 3.1	62.8 ± 5.9
RVOT VTI, cm²	0.28 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01 *	0.28 ± 0.02	0.30 ± 0.01	0.29 ± 0.02	0.28 ± 0.02
TAPSE, cm	2.17 ± 0.06	2.12 ± 0.04	2.17 ± 0.07	2.19 ± 0.07	2.17 ± 0.05	2.17 ± 0.09
RA pressure
IVC diameter, cm	1.54 ± 0.05	1.53 ± 0.04	1.56 ± 0.05	1.53 ± 0.04	1.53 ± 0.09	1.52 ± 0.06
Tricuspid velocity (TV)
E, m/s	1.79 ± 0.10	2.18 ± 0.11 *, #	1.78 ± 0.09	2.02 ± 0.10 *	1.77 ± 0.1	1.78 ± 0.1
E', m/s	0.158 ± 0.006	0.164 ± 0.006	0.156 ± 0.006	0.161 ± 0.004	0.159 ± 0.012	0.157 ± 0.01
E/E', ratio	11.26 ± 0.71	13.49 ± 0.77	11.64 ± 0.82	12.18 ± 0.50	11.33 ± 1.08	11.63 ± 1.06

Values were mean ± SEM. Resting images were acquired after the subject was placed in the semi-supine position for 10 min under hypoxia. HIIT, high-intensity interval training group; MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training group; CTL, control group; Pre, pre-intervention; Post, post-intervention; MAP, mean arterial pressure; TPR, total peripheral pressure; RPP, rate pressure product; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; RVEF, right ventricular ejection fraction; RVOT VTI, right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; IVC, inferior vena cava; E, the peak velocity of early tricuspid blood flow; E’, the peak velocity of early tricuspid annular tissue; * P < 0.05, Pre vs. Post; ** P < 0.05, HIIT vs. MICT; # p < 0.05, HIIT or MICT vs CTL.

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