Figure 1

(a) Map of study area and sampling locations (plots). Plots are colored according to the features of the potential barrier type by which they are intersected; conventional 2-lane roads (R, Red), 4-lane highways (H, Blue), and combined barriers (CB, Purple), unpaved rural tracks (T, unfilled). Inset shows known distribution of common vole in Spain (10 × 10 km UTM-grids;126) where the red square delimits the study area. Plot codes correspond to Table A.1. Examples of trapping stations (10 traps per point) across control (b) and treatment (c) plots are shown for illustration purposes. Maps were generated using ESRI ArcGIS 10.3 Desktop platform (https://www.esri.com/en-us/home)58.