Table 2 Characteristics of subjects consuming fermented milk products containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota (LcS) < 3 or ≥ 3 days per week over the past 10-year period.
< 3 days/week | ≥ 3 days/week | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |
Anthropometric parameters | ||||
Age (years) | 160 | 75.1 ± 6.3 | 58 | 76.0 ± 6.0 |
Sex (male/female, %) | 160 | 48.8/51.3 | 58 | 36.2/63.8 |
Height (m) | 160 | 1.57 ± 0.09 | 58 | 1.55 ± 0.09 |
Body mass (kg) | 160 | 55.9 ± 10.6 | 58 | 54.5 ± 9.1 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 160 | 22.7 ± 3.3 | 58 | 22.5 ± 2.7 |
Physical health measurements | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 157 | 125.7 ± 16.3 | 56 | 130.1 ± 19.0 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 157 | 73.9 ± 10.1 | 56 | 74.6 ± 9.8 |
Preferred walking speed (m/s) | 145 | 1.40 ± 0.20 | 50 | 1.41 ± 0.15 |
Maximal walking speed (m/s) | 144 | 2.00 ± 0.37 | 50 | 1.98 ± 0.30 |
Peak handgrip force (N) | 149 | 274.5 ± 78.5 | 53 | 262.8 ± 81.2 |
Calcaneal osteosonic index (× 106) | 151 | 2.42 ± 0.36 | 54 | 2.38 ± 0.30 |
Defecation status | ||||
Defecation frequency (days/week) | 160 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 58 | 5.9 ± 1.7 |
Bristol stool form scale score | 160 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 58 | 3.9 ± 0.9 |
Habitual physical activity patterns | ||||
Step count (steps/day) | 151 | 7085 ± 3041 | 54 | 7053 ± 3102 |
Duration of exercise > 3 metabolic equivalents (min/day) | 151 | 17.2 ± 14.2 | 54 | 15.6 ± 14.1 |
Current smoking and drinking habits | ||||
Smoker (number [%]) | 160 | 9 [5.6] | 58 | 1 [1.7] |
Alcohol consumer (number [%]) | 160 | 73 [45.6] | 58 | 13 [22.4]** |
Medication states | ||||
Antibiotics (number [%]) | 160 | 2 [1.3] | 58 | 1 [1.7] |
Gastric acid lowering medicines (number [%]) | 160 | 31 [19.4] | 58 | 17 [29.3] |
Nutrient intakes | ||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 152 | 2166 ± 624 | 54 | 2230 ± 520 |
Protein (g/day) | 152 | 81.7 ± 26.2 | 54 | 82.0 ± 20.1 |
Lipid (g/day) | 152 | 73.3 ± 28.1 | 54 | 74.8 ± 25.6 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 152 | 279 ± 75 | 54 | 297 ± 65 |
Dietary fiber (g/day) | 152 | 17.5 ± 5.8 | 54 | 18.5 ± 4.3 |
Saturated fatty acid (g/day) | 152 | 22.6 ± 9.2 | 54 | 22.6 ± 7.6 |
Monounsaturated fatty acid (g/day) | 152 | 24.6 ± 10.2 | 54 | 24.0 ± 8.2 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g/day) | 152 | 15.7 ± 6.1 | 54 | 15.4 ± 5.1 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 152 | 373 ± 131 | 54 | 359 ± 109 |
Sodium (mg/day) | 152 | 4753 ± 2053 | 54 | 4788 ± 1272 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 152 | 3004 ± 1035 | 54 | 3100 ± 800 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 152 | 788 ± 273 | 54 | 847 ± 249 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 152 | 317 ± 105 | 54 | 321 ± 77 |
Iron (mg/day) | 152 | 9.70 ± 3.47 | 54 | 10.6 ± 3.58 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 152 | 125 ± 52 | 54 | 142 ± 49* |
Blood profiles | ||||
Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 124 | 1.47 ± 0.75 | 48 | 1.40 ± 0.76 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l) | 124 | 1.63 ± 0.58 | 48 | 1.68 ± 0.45 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l) | 124 | 3.10 ± 0.75 | 48 | 3.27 ± 0.65 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (%) | 124 | 5.65 ± 0.50 | 48 | 5.56 ± 0.34 |
Blood sugar (mmol/l) | 124 | 6.22 ± 1.44 | 48 | 5.93 ± 0.98 |
Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (IU/l) | 124 | 23.9 ± 7.3 | 48 | 25.2 ± 6.2 |
Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (IU/l) | 124 | 19.7 ± 8.5 | 48 | 19.0 ± 7.2 |
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (IU/l) | 124 | 29.3 ± 29.0 | 48 | 22.5 ± 13.7 |
Albumin (g/l) | 124 | 42.9 ± 3.0 | 48 | 43.6 ± 3.2 |
Creatinine (μmol/l) | 124 | 76.6 ± 55.7 | 48 | 69.8 ± 15.5 |
Uric acid (μmol/l) | 124 | 300 ± 76 | 48 | 293 ± 71 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 124 | 63.3 ± 14.3 | 48 | 61.7 ± 9.6 |