Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Anethole induces anti-oral cancer activity by triggering apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress and by modulation of multiple signaling pathways

Figure 1

Anethole selectively inhibits the growth of oral cancer cells. (A) Cell growth was assessed by MTT assay. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of anethole for 24 h. Results are reported with means (% of proliferation) ± SD and the control represents 100% of proliferation, on Ca9-22 cells (n = 10), GEC (n = 3) and GF (n = 4). (B) Cytotoxicity was assessed by LDH assay using supernatant. Cells were exposed with anethole, ranging from 0.3 to 30 μM for 24 h. Results are reported with means (% cytotoxicity) ± SD and Triton was used as positive control. Significance was obtained when comparing the control to anethole treated cells. *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.005. (C) Nuclear staining. Cells were first cultured in the presence or absence of anethole for 24 h. Attached cells were then stained with Hoechst (n = 3). (D) The morphology of gingival epidermoid carcinoma cells (Ca9-22), healthy epithelial cells (GEC) and normal gingival fibroblasts (GF) was observed after 24 h of stimulation with different concentrations of anethole, ranging from 0.3 to 30 μM. (n = 3). (E) Cell viability of oral cancer cells with anethole treatments was determined by clonogenic assay at 2 weeks (n = 3).

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