Table 1 Preoperative characteristics of the participants.

From: Kitchen elbow sign predicts surgical outcomes in adults with spinal deformity: a retrospective cohort study

Items

KES ( +)

KES (−)

P-value

Number of patients

58

56

 

Sex (male/female)

3/55

5/51

0.433

Age (years)

70.5 ± 6.7

71.1 ± 6.6

0.607

BMI (kg/m2)

23.0 ± 2.7

23.5 ± 2.8

0.184

C7 SVA (mm)

118.5 ± 50.0

125.0 ± 48.9

0.337

PI-LL (°)

42.0 ± 20.2

46.3 ± 19.9

0.363

VAS (low back pain) (mm)

62.7 ± 22.8

57.9 ± 24.8

0.393

VAS (leg pain) (mm)

41.3 ± 30.5

49.6 ± 30.4

0.234

SF-36 (PCS)

30.1 ± 13.8

28.4 ± 12.9

0.598

SF-36 (MCS)

66.8 ± 8.6

64.2 ± 8.3

0.108

ODI (%)

47.0 ± 15.1

47.6 ± 18.4

0.628

  1. BMI, body mass index; SVA, sagittal vertical axis; PI-LL, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis; VAS, visual analog scale; SF-36, MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; PCS, physical component summary scale; MCS, mental component summary scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index.
  2. **Significance defined as P < 0.05, *Significant trend as 0.05 < p ≤ 0.2, Data are presented as n, mean ± standard deviation (range), or number.
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