Table 2 Comparison of the 1-year postoperative outcomes between the KES positive group and KES negative group.

From: Kitchen elbow sign predicts surgical outcomes in adults with spinal deformity: a retrospective cohort study

Evaluated items

KES ( +)

KES (−)

P-value

C7 SVA (mm)

38.2 ± 28.0

39.6 ± 32.7

0.779

PI-LL (°)

8.4 ± 9.4

9.4 ± 10.4

0.638

VAS (low back pain) (mm)

19.1 ± 15.1

19.5 ± 16.9

0.894

VAS (leg pain) (mm)

22.8 ± 17.0

21.4 ± 15.3

0.809

SF-36 (PCS)

32.7 ± 14.5

32.9 ± 15.7

0.962

SF-36 (MCS)

72.9 ± 14.1

67.8 ± 14.3

0.070

ODI (%)

18.8 ± 14.6

30.4 ± 18.5

0.001*

Improving of ODI (%)

28.2 ± 15.2

17.3 ± 18.1

0.001*

Achievement rate of MCID in ODI (%)

72.4 (42/58)

44.6 (25/56)

0.003*

Patient satisfaction VAS (mm)

92.3 ± 11.8

79.5 ± 19.4

 < 0.001*

  1. SVA, sagittal vertical axis; PI-LL, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis; VAS, visual analog scale; SF-36, MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; PCS, physical component summary scale; MCS, mental component summary scale; ODI, Oswestry disability index; Improving of ODI, preoperative ODI (%)–12-month postoperative ODI (%); MCID, minimum clinically important difference ODI change score (%) ≥ 12.8.
  2. *Significant defined as P < 0.05, Data are presented as n, mean ± standard deviation (range).
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