Table 1 Factors associated with death in hospitalized severe influenza patients.
Death (N = 175) | No death (N = 1131) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||
< 15 years | 0 (0%) | 55 (4.9%) | – | – | ||
15–49 years | 6 (3.4%) | 131 (11.6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
50–64 years | 22 (12.6%) | 240 (21.2%) | 2.03 (0.80–5.20) | 0.14 | 2.06 (0.78–5.45) | 0.15 |
65–74 years | 27 (15.4%) | 240 (21.2%) | 2.70 (1.08–6.71) | 0.03 | 3.19 (1.19–8.50) | 0.02 |
≥ 75 years | 120 (68.6%) | 465 (41.1%) | 6.64 (2.85–1.55) | < 0.01 | 6.95 (2.76–1.80) | < 0.01 |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 64 (36.6%) | 499 (44.1%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Male | 111 (63.4%) | 632 (55.9%) | 1.39 (0.99–1.93) | 0.05 | 1.38 (0.97–1.96) | 0.07 |
Size of municipality | ||||||
≤ 10.000 inhabitants | 32 (18.3%) | 135 (11.9%) | 1.54 (0.97–2.42) | 0.07 | 1.13 (0.70–1.84) | 0.61 |
> 10.000 inhabitants | 143 (81.7%) | 996 (88.1%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Comorbidities | ||||||
1 | 55 (31.4%) | 354 (31.3%) | 3.60 (1.88–8.86) | < 0.01 | 1.66 (0.90–3.07) | 0.10 |
≥ 2 | 108 (61.7%) | 515 (45.5%) | 4.82 (2.60–8.93) | < 0.01 | 1.99 (1.12–3.52) | 0.02 |
No | 12 (6.9%) | 262 (23.2%) | Ref | Ref | ||
COPD | ||||||
Yes | 53 (30.3%) | 287 (25.4%) | 1.32 (0.93–1.89) | 0.12 | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) | 0.67 |
No | 122 (69.7%) | 844 (74.6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Morbid obesity | ||||||
Yes | 11 (6.3%) | 81 (7.2%) | 0.86 (0.44–1.67) | 0.66 | 0.90 (0.46–1.76) | 0.76 |
No | 164 (93.7%) | 1050 (92.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Diabetes | ||||||
Yes | 48 (27.4%) | 280 (24.8%) | 1.15 (0.80–1.65) | 0.46 | 0.90 (0.61–1.33) | 0.61 |
No | 127 (72.6%) | 851 (75.2%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Chronic renal disease | ||||||
Yes | 49 (28.0%) | 173 (15.3%) | 2.15 (1.48–3.12) | < 0.01 | 1.34 (0.89–2.03) | 0.16 |
No | 126 (72.0%) | 958 (84.7%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Immune deficiency | ||||||
Yes | 36 (20.6%) | 172 (15.2%) | 1.38 (0.92–2.07) | 0.12 | 1.40 (0.92–2.12) | 0.12 |
No | 139 (79.4%) | 959 (84.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Chronic cardiovascular disease | ||||||
Yes | 98 (56.0%) | 397 (35.1%) | 2.43 (1.75–3.37) | < 0.01 | 1.40 (0.97–2.03) | 0.07 |
No | 77 (44.0%) | 734 (64.9%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Chronic liver disease | ||||||
Yes | 19 (10.9%) | 57 (5.0%) | 2.16 (1.24–3.77) | < 0.01 | 1.97 (1.09–3.57) | 0.02 |
No | 156 (89.1%) | 1074 (95.0%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Other comorbiditiesa | ||||||
Yes | 35 (20.0%) | 138 (12.2%) | 1.62 (1.07–2.47) | 0.02 | 1.40 (0.90–2.18) | 0.13 |
No | 140 (80.0%) | 993 (87.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Pregnancy | ||||||
Yes | 0 (0%) | 7 (0.6%) | – | – | – | – |
No | 175 (100%) | 1124 (99.4%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Length of stay | ||||||
0–6 days | 79 (45.1%) | 428 (37.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
≥ 7 days | 96 (54.9%) | 703 (62.2%) | 0.70 (0.50–0.97) | 0.03 | 0.51 (0.35–0.74) | < 0.01 |
Type of virus | ||||||
A | 53 (30.3%) | 465 (41.1%) | 0.63 (0.45–0.89) | 0.01 | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | 0.28 |
B | 122 (69.7%) | 666 (58.9%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Seasonal vaccine | ||||||
Yes | 71 (41.5%) | 374 (33.2%) | 1.58 (1.13–2.22) | < 0.01 | 1.02 (0.71–1.47) | 0.90 |
No | 100 (58.5%) | 754 (66.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
NAI treatment | ||||||
Yes | 141 (80.6%) | 1052 (93.0%) | 0.34 (0.22–0.53) | < 0.01 | 0.23 (0.14–0.38) | < 0.01 |
No | 34 (19.4%) | 79 (7.0%) | Ref | Ref | ||
NAI treatment | ||||||
≤ 48 h symptom onset | 62 (36.3%) | 413 (37.4%) | 0.40 (0.24–0.65) | < 0.01 | 0.27 (0.16–0.47) | < 0.01 |
> 48 h symptom onset | 75 (43.9%) | 611 (55.4%) | 0.30 (0.19–0.49) | < 0.01 | 0.22 (0.13–0.37) | < 0.01 |
No | 34 (19.9%) | 79 (7.2%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Pneumonia | ||||||
Yes | 105 (60.7%) | 726 (64.2%) | 0.61 (0.42–0.89) | 0.01 | 0.64 (0.43–0.94) | 0.02 |
No | 68 (39.3%) | 404 (35.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Nosocomial infection | ||||||
Yes | 31 (17.8%) | 111 (9.8%) | 2.25 (1.40–3.63) | < 0.01 | 1.91 (1.16–3.17) | 0.01 |
No | 143 (82.2%) | 1020 (90.2%) | Ref | Ref | ||
