Table 3 The differences in prevalence of studied symptoms between patients positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2 and the quality indices for the logistic regression based predictor for the chosen single symptoms (obtained from tenfold cross-validation).
Symptoms | N (SARS-CoV-2 (-) / SARS-CoV-2 ( +)) | SARS-CoV-2 (-) Mean value ± SD | SARS-CoV-2 ( +) Mean value ± SD | OR (95% CI) | OR effect interpre-tation | OR p-value * | F1 (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | NPV (95% CI) | Diagnostic OR (95% CI) | Youden Index (95% CI) | AUC (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of symptoms (days) | 1456 (975/481) | 5.91 ± 10.09 | 4.52 ± 2.62 | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | Negligible | < 0.0001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Max temperature [oC] | 1373 (908/465) | 38.05 ± 0.89 | 38.09 ± 0.69 | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | Negligible | 0.4793 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Symptoms (Yes) | N (SARS–CoV-2 (-) / SARS-CoV-2 ( +)) | SARS-CoV-2 (-) N (%)* | SARS-CoV-2 ( +) N (%)* | OR (95% CI) | OR effect interpre-tation | OR p-value ** | F1 (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | NPV (95% CI) | Diagnostic OR (95% CI) | Youden Index (95% CI) | AUC (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loss of taste/smell | 1388 (904/484) | 206 (22.79%) | 240 (49.59%) | 3.33 (2.63–4.22) | Medium | < 0.0001 | 0.52 (0.47–0.56) | 0.54 (0.5–0.58) | 0.74 (0.72–0.76) | 3.67 (2.49–4.85) | 0.27 (0.21–0.33) | 0.63 (0.60–0.67) |
Dyspnea | 1941 (1355/586) | 521 (38.45%) | 149 (25.43%) | 0.55 (0.44–0.68) | Small | < 0.0001 | 0.47 (0.46–0.48) | 0.34 (0.33–0.35) | 0.78 (0.76–0.79) | 1.86 (1.62–2.10) | 0.13 (0.10–0.16) | 0.57 (0.55–0.58) |
Contact with infected person | 1941 (1355/586) | 315 (23.25%) | 206 (35.15%) | 1.79 (1.45–2.21) | Small | < 0.0001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Temperature > 38°C | 1941 (1355/586) | 577 (42.58%) | 324 (55.29%) | 1.67 (1.37–2.03) | Small | < 0.0001 | 0.44 (0.4–0.47) | 0.36 (0.33–0.39) | 0.75 (0.72–0.77) | 1.79 (1.28–2.29) | 0.13 (0.06–0.19) | 0.56 (0.53–0.59) |
GI symptoms | 401 (226/175) | 37 (16.37%) | 8 (4.57%) | 0.29 (0.14–0.60) | Medium | 0.0008 | 0.63 (0.61–0.65) | 0.47 (0.46–0.48) | 0.88 (0.76–0.999) | 2.38 (0.00–4.94) | 0.12 (0.07–0.17) | 0.56 (0.53–0.59) |
Muscle aches | 1394 (910/484) | 534 (58.68%) | 314 (64.88%) | 1.30 (1.03–1.63) | Negligible | 0.0242 | 0.47 (0.45–0.50) | 0.37 (0.35–0.39) | 0.69 (0.66–0.72) | 1.37 (1.02–1.72) | 0.06 (0.01–0.11) | 0.53 (0.50–0.56) |
Tiredness | 419 (235/184) | 49 (20.85%) | 23 (12.5%) | 0.54 (0.32–0.93) | Small | 0.0259 | 0.61 (0.57–0.6) | 0.46 (0.44–0.49) | 0.7 (0.55–0.85) | 3.04 (0.96–5.12) | 0.08 (− 0.01–0.18) | 0.54 (0.496–0.59) |
Headache | 1395 (913/482) | 526 (57.61%) | 305 (63.28%) | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) | Negligible | 0.0405 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Cough | 1941 (1355/586) | 987 (72.84%) | 452 (77.13%) | 1.26 (1.00–1.58) | Negligible | 0.0477 | 0.45 (0.43–0.47) | 0.31 (0.3—0.33) | 0.73 (0.70–0.77) | 1.38 (0.97–1.78) | 0.04 (–0.00–0.09) | 0.52 (0.495–0.54) |
Conjunctivitis | 349 (186/163) | 7 (3.76%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.24 (0.05–1.14) | Medium | 0.0722 | 0.65 (0.64–0.65) | 0.48 (0.47–0.49) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 0.04 (0.01–0.06) | 0.52 (0.51–0.53) |
Dizziness | 1317 (854/463) | 223 (26.11%) | 103 (22.25%) | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | Negligible | 0.1209 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Sore throat | 1390 (909/481) | 402 (44.22%) | 194 (40.33%) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | Negligible | 0.1633 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Loss of appetite | 360 (193/167) | 3 (1.55%) | 5 (2.99%) | 1.65 (0.51–5.33) | Small | 0.4052 | 0.05 (0.00–0.11) | 0.71 (0.16–1.00) | 0.54 (0.53–0.55) | 0.88 (0.00–4.82) | 0.01 (–0.02–0.05) | 0.51 (0.49–0.52) |
Skin reactions | 1374 (894/480) | 34 (3.80%) | 19 (3.96%) | 1.08 (0.63–1.88) | Negligible | 0.7731 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
