Table 2 Means, SD, skewness, and kurtosis in this study (Mothers).
From: Validation and factor analysis of the parental bonding instrument in Japanese pregnant women
PBI items | T1 | T2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | M (SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
1. Spoke to me with a warm and friendly voice | 2.48 (0.74) | − 1.29 | 0.95 | 2.56 (0.67) | − 1.44 | 1.63 |
2. Did not help me as much as I needed | 2.30 (0.89) | − 1.10 | 0.26 | 2.34 (0.85) | − 1.13 | 0.46 |
3. Let me do those things I liked doing | 0.64 (0.74) | 0.93 | 0.28 | 0.65 (0.78) | 1.05 | 0.55 |
4. Seemed emotionally cold to me | 2.62 (0.68) | − 1.92 | 3.33 | 2.62 (0.69) | − 1.83 | 2.92 |
5. Appeared to understand my problems and worries | 2.18 (0.91) | − 0.81 | − 0.33 | 2.22 (0.82) | − 0.76 | − 1.89 |
6. Was affectionate to me | 2.48 (0.74) | − 1.35 | 1.32 | 2.51 (0.68) | − 1.22 | 0.85 |
7. Liked me to make my own decisions | 0.80 (0.88) | 0.80 | − 0.31 | 0.78 (0.86) | 0.86 | − 0.11 |
8. Did not want me to grow up | 0.66 (0.85) | 1.18 | 0.63 | 0.61 (0.81) | 1.14 | 0.43 |
9. Tried to control everything I did | 0.82 (0.93) | 0.85 | − 0.34 | 0.83 (0.93) | 0.76 | − 0.54 |
10. Invaded my privacy | 0.70 (0.87) | 1.08 | 0.31 | 0.79 (0.90) | 0.85 | − 0.26 |
11. Enjoyed talking things over with me | 2.53 (0.75) | − 1.55 | 1.77 | 2.57 (0.69) | − 1.54 | 1.79 |
12. Frequently smiled at me | 2.44 (0.79) | − 1.21 | 0.51 | 2.50 (0.75) | − 1.38 | 1.14 |
13. Tended to baby me | 1.26 (0.99) | 0.31 | − 0.93 | 1.25 (0.98) | 0.19 | − 1.03 |
14. Did not seem to understand what I needed | 2.22 (0.83) | − 0.88 | 0.18 | 2.26 (0.82) | − 0.91 | 0.13 |
15. Let me decide things for myself | 0.86 (0.83) | 0.67 | − 0.25 | 0.86 (0.84) | 0.60 | − 0.48 |
16. Made me feel I wasn’t wanted | 2.65 (0.76) | − 2.28 | 4.38 | 2.68 (0.73) | − 2.37 | 4.75 |
17. Could make me feel better when I was upset | 2.21 (0.92) | − 0.91 | − 0.18 | 2.27 (0.89) | − 1.02 | 0.081 |
18. Did not talk with me very much | 2.79 (0.65) | − 2.30 | 4.99 | 2.70 (0.64) | − 2.19 | 4.38 |
19. Tried to make me dependent on her/him | 0.68 (0.85) | 1.13 | 0.50 | 0.76 (0.89) | 0.91 | − 0.14 |
20. Felt I could not look after myself unless | 0.48 (0.77) | 1.60 | 1.94 | 0.51 (0.80) | 1.48 | 1.32 |
21. Gave me as much freedom as I wanted | 0.80 (0.87) | 0.87 | − 0.13 | 0.84 (0.88) | 0.70 | − 0.45 |
22. Let me go out as often as I wanted | 118 (0.99) | 0.37 | − 0.93 | 1.07 (0.96) | 0.41 | − 0.90 |
23. Was overprotective of me | 1.43 (1.05) | 0.043 | − 1.21 | 1.38 (1.05) | 0.075 | − 1.22 |
24. Did not praise me | 2.10 (0.86) | − 1.03 | 0.15 | 2.33 (0.86) | − 1.08 | 0.22 |
25. Let me dress in any way I pleased | 0.62 (0.78) | 1.01 | 0.19 | 0.66 (0.83) | 1.01 | 0.069 |
