Table 1 Characteristics of the water samples.

From: Human biomarkers associated with low concentrations of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in groundwater in agricultural areas of Thailand

Locations

Well St

pH

EC (µS/cm)

ORP (mV)

Depth to water level (m)

Groundwater level (m, amsl.)

As in GW (µg/L)

Pb in GW (µg/L)

As in Tap (µg/L)

Pb in Tap (µg/L)

N

E

15° 24′ 16.5″ N

104° 48′ 52.6″ E

1

4.35

1200.0

261.4

2.5

130.5

6.18

0.02

1.02

nd.*

15° 24′ 14.9″ N

104° 51′ 48.1″ E

2

6.72

337.0

235.3

2.1

136.9

1.30

0.11

0.89

nd.*

15° 23′ 25.4″ N

104° 48′ 41.6″ E

3

8.34

98.0

427.5

1.9

128.1

0.02

11.02

  

15° 23′ 23.7″ N

104° 49′ 27.3″ E

4

4.16

296.0

391.0

2.2

129.8

0.01

5.73

  

15° 23′ 31.1″ N

104° 51′ 16.1″ E

5

7.00

322.5

301.1

1.9

127.1

1.29

nd.*

nd.*

nd.*

15° 23′ 29.1″ N

104° 51′ 59.8″ E

6

7.26

73.9

289.2

3.1

136.9

1.08

nd.*

1.27

nd.*

15° 22′ 43.5″ N

104° 49′ 9.8″ E

7

3.86

159.0

509.2

1.2

131.8

0.13

15.79

1.17

nd.*

15° 22′ 53.7″ N

104° 50′ 0.5″ E

8

4.19

192.4

436.1

2.1

84.9

0.25

13.12

1.63

nd.*

15° 22′ 39.6″ N

104° 50′ 23.3″ E

9

3.77

382.5

453.4

2.0

128.0

0.34

37.11

  

15° 22′ 43.0″ N

104° 50′ 14.4″ E

10

4.05

192.8

406.8

0.6

126.4

0.15

21.31

0.07

nd.*

15° 22′ 23.4″ N

104° 50′ 53.3″ E

11

5.25

161.1

280.8

6.0

121.0

0.09

0.53

nd.*

nd.*

15° 22′ 27.2″ N

104° 51′ 19.8″ E

12

4.04

197.2

438.2

2.3

117.7

nd.*

18.17

  

15° 22′ 34.1″ N

104° 52′ 13.7″ E

13

8.89

983.0

165.0

0.9

128.1

4.18

0.38

1.60

nd.*

15° 22′ 0.7″ N

104° 49′ 8.0″ E

14

7.18

306.0

351.8

1.8

134.3

2.79

nd.*

1.66

nd.*

15° 22′ 2.8″ N

104° 49′ 8.0″ E

15

4.00

42.1

374.4

3.1

116.9

0.30

0.05

1.46

nd.*

15° 22′ 6.3″ N

104° 50′ 23.0″ E

16

4.38

63.3

353.0

1.9

145.1

nd.*

2.52

1.47

nd.*

15° 22′ 11.5″ N

104° 50′ 55.1″ E

17

3.88

232.5

341.2

1.3

122.7

1.17

nd.*

0.24

nd.*

15° 22′ 4.8″ N

104° 51′ 17.2″ E

18

4.13

332.0

328.7

2.4

138.7

0.84

nd.*

  

15° 21′ 55.7″ N

104° 52′ 12.9″ E

19

4.17

149.8

441.9

2.2

129.8

0.20

33.17

nd.*

nd.*

15° 21′ 32.7″ N

104° 52′ 48.9″ E

20

4.06

156.6

450.3

4.0

128.0

nd.*

13.02

nd.*

nd.*

15° 21′ 33.6″ N

104° 52′ 58.4″ E

21

4.27

66.3

352.0

1.0

139.1

nd.*

nd.*

0.55

nd.*

15° 21′ 9.8″ N

104° 52′ 9.2″ E

22

4.11

153.4

460.4

1.3

132.7

nd.*

nd.*

nd.*

nd.*

15° 20′ 31.0″ N

104° 51′ 14.0″ E

23

4.17

437.5

276.9

1.9

142.1

0.99

nd.*

0.76

nd.*

15° 20′ 22.8″ N

104° 50′ 11.5″ E

24

7.75

1223.0

274.3

8.0

90.0

8.87

nd.*

nd.*

0.07

15° 24′ 25.2″ N

104° 48′ 44.3″ E

25a

6.83

151.7

412.7

0.0

140.0

2.63

nd.*

  
  

Ave

5.16

316.4

360.5

2.4

126.9

1.31

6.88

0.77

0.004

  

SD

1.66

328.1

84.7

1.7

14.0

2.18

10.86

0.66

0.02

  

Min

3.77

41.9

164.4

0.0

84.9

nd.*

nd.*

nd.*

nd.*

  

Max

8.89

1223.0

509.9

8.0

145.1

8.87

37.11

1.66

0.07

  

Med

     

0.30

0.11

0.83

nd.*

  

LOD

     

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

  1. *nd: no detection or lower than the limit of detection.
  2. **Station had no tap water. LOD limit of detection.
  3. aStation no.25 is surface water at reservoir.
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