Figure 2

Number of fish per 50 m2 of Stegastes nigricans and predators (A, B), competitors (C, D) and proportions of live coral, algal turf, and macroalgae (E, F) from 2005 to 2019 at Moorea on reef flats within no-take marine protected areas (MPA) and on non-protected sites (non-MPA), where fishing is allowed. Values are mean ± S.E. A COTS outbreak is indicated in grey (2006–2009), the 2010 hollow arrow indicates a cyclonic event (Cyclone Oli), and the filled arrows indicate weak bleaching events on the reef flats in 2016 and 2019.