Table 1 Baseline characteristics of non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients at admission.

From: Targeted metabolomics identifies high performing diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19

Variables

G1 (N = 39)

G2 (N = 40)

G3 (N = 42)

G4 (N = 40)

p value

Male sex, n (%)

18 (45.0)

23 (57.5)

24 (57.1)

25 (62.5)

0.4

Age, median years (Q1–Q3)

41 (37–53)

58 (51–63)

53 (47–61)

58 (49–62)

< 0.0001a

Smoking, n (%)

4 (10.0)

3 (7.5)

6 (14.3)

NA

0.1

Symptoms to sampling, median days (Q1–Q3)

2 (1–5)

3 (1–3)

3 (1–5)

5 (2–7)

0.01b

Sampling to discharge, median days (Q1–Q3)

NA

NA

4 (1–10)

14 (7–21)

0.002

Sampling to death, median days (Q1–Q3)

NA

NA

17 (14–25)

10 (6–18)

0.1

Death2, n (%)

NA

NA

11/36 (30.5)

21/33 (63.6)

< 0.0001

Symptomatology, n (%)

Fever

0 (0)

22 (55.0)

25 (59.5)

25 (62.5)

< 0.0001

Cough

0 (0)

28 (70.0)

34 (80.9)

36 (90.0)

< 0.0001

Headache

29 (72.5)

30 (75.0)

24 (57.1)

25 (62.5)

0.2

Dyspnoea

5 (12.5)

12 (30.0)

38 (90.4)

31 (77.5)

< 0.0001

Irritability

3 (7.5)

2 (5.0)

3 (7.1)

2 (5.0)

0.9

Diarrhea

2 (5.0)

4 (10.0)

7 (16.6)

7 (17.5)

0.2

Chest tightness

2 (5.0)

6 (15.0)

16 (38.0)

11 (27.5)

0.001

Chills

5 (12.5)

14 (35.0)

17 (40.4)

16 (40.0)

0.02

Pharyngalgia

17 (42.5)

14 (35.0)

14 (33.3)

18 (45.0)

0.6

Myalgia

15 (37.5)

21 (52.5)

23 (54.7)

23 (57.5)

0.2

Arthralgias

11 (27.5)

22 (55.0)

22 (52.3)

21 (52.5)

0.04

Rhinorrhea

6 (15)

8 (20.0)

7 (16.6)

6 (15.0)

0.9

Polypnea

1 (2.5)

0 (0)

7 (16.6)

7 (17.5)

0.006

Abdominal pain

4 (10)

3 (7.5)

2 (4.7)

8 (20.0)

0.1

Anosmya

0 (0)

10 (25.0)

10 (23.8)

3 (7.5)

0.001

Dysgeusia

0 (0)

10 (25.0)

9 (21.4)

5 (12.5)

0.007

Treatment (self-reported)

Antipyretics, n (%)

4 (10.2)

12 (30)

11 (26.2)

13 (32.5)

0.04

Others, n (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

Comorbidities (self-reported), n (%)

Diabetes

3 (7.5)

4 (10.0)

18 (42.8)

11 (27.5)

0.0002

Obesity (> 30 kg/m2)

3 (7.5)

8 (20.0)

10 (23.8)

13 (32.5)

0.05

Hypertension

9 (22.5)

10 (25.0)

15 (35.7)

20 (50.0)

0.03

Lab data, median (Q1–Q3)

Erythrocytes (million/mL)

5.1 (4.8–5.5)

5.3 (4.9–5.6)

5.1 (4.7–5.5)

5.3 (4.6–5.6)

0.81

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

15.4 (14.4–16.3)

15.3 (14.0–16.1)

15.0 (12.9–16.6)

15.6 (13.4–16.4)

0.81

Platelets (thousands/mL)

277 (238–330)

237 (191–317)

237 (187–283)

252 (187–299)

0.7

Leukocytes (× 103)

7.1 (6.0–8.2)

6.5 (5.0–8.4)

9.1 (6.5–10.8)

9.3 (6.3–12.2)

0.0005c

Neutrophils (%)

60 (54–65)

67 (55–79)

82 (74–88)

85 (77–91)

< 0.0001d

Lymphocytes (%)

30 (25–36)

23 (13–34)

12 (7–18)

9 (5–12)

< 0.0001d

Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR)

2.0 (1.5–2.5)

2.5 (1.5–4.2)

6.6 (3.9–10.7)

7.8 (5.0–14.6)

< 0.0001d

Monocytes (%)

6 (5–8)

6 (4–9)

3 (2–6)

3 (2–5)

< 0.0001e

  1. Continuous variables were compared using Mann–Whitney U tests or Kruskal–Wallis tests and categorical variables (sex, smoking, death, symptoms, and comorbidities) were compared using the chi-square test for trend, with p values of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. The analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism version 8.0.1 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California USA).
  2. aG1 vs. G2; G1 vs. G3; G1 vs. G4.
  3. bG1 vs. G4.
  4. cG1 vs. G4; G2 vs. G3; G2 vs. G4.
  5. dG1 vs. G3; G1 vs. G4; G2 vs. G3; G2 vs. G4.
  6. eG1 vs. G3; G1 vs. G4; G2 vs. G4.
  7. 1G1: PCR−/controls, G2: PCR+/not hospitalized, G3: PCR+/hospitalized, and G4: PCR+/intubated.
  8. 2The number (n) is referred to the confirmed data based on clinical and epidemiological records and supported by death certificate.
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