Table 1 Sample characteristics of the control and ADHD groups as well as of presentation-specific ADHD subgroups.

From: Functional network topology of the right insula affects emotion dysregulation in hyperactive-impulsive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Group

Controls

ADHD

Controls versus ADHD group comparisons

Total

ADHD-I

ADHD-C/H

N = 91

N = 56

N = 31

N = 25

M ± SD

M ± SD

M ± SD

M ± SD

Test statistic

ρ-value

Effect-size

Age (years)

20.2 ± 3.5

19.6 ± 3.5

19.5 ± 3.8

19.7 ± 3.2

T = 1.004

0.317

d = 0.170

IQ (WISC/WAIS)

111.4 ± 13.2

95.9 ± 18.0

98.0 ± 17.7

93.2 ± 18.4

U = 3846

 < 0.001

d = 0.501

ADHD, inattention symptomsa

0.5 ± 1.1

7.2 ± 1.4

7.2 ± 1.3

7.1 ± 1.6

U = 25.5

 < 0.001

d = 0.990

ADHD, hyperactive-impulsive symptomsa

0.5 ± 0.9

5.0 ± 2.4

3.4 ± 1.9

7.0 ± 0.96

U = 291.5

 < 0.001

d = 0.890

K-10 psychological distress

12.9 ± 3.6

19.7 ± 5.7

19.3 ± 5.8

20.3 ± 5.6

U = 795

 < 0.001

d = 0.688

CPRS-R:L emotional lability

44.2 ± 3.3

50.9 ± 9.4

49.5 ± 8.4

52.6 ± 10.5

U = 1412

 < 0.001

d = 0.446

SDQ emotional symptoms

1.7 ± 1.6

2.9 ± 2.5

3 ± 2.6

2.8 ± 2.3

U = 1897

0.008

d = 0.255

SDQ conduct symptoms

1.1 ± 1.1

2.1 ± 1.6

2.0 ± 1.6

2.2 ± 1.6

U = 1598

 < 0.001

d = 0.373

 

n

n

n

N

   

Sex (male)

48 (53%)

36 (64%)

20 (65%)

16 (64%)

χ2 = 1.443

0.230

φc = 0.010

Stimulant user (yes)

3 (3%)

30 (54%)

22 (65%)

10 (40%)

χ2 = 47.484

 < 0.001

φc = 0.323

DSM-IV ODD (K-SADS)

0 (0%)

13 (23%)

4 (13%)

9 (36%)

χ2 = 20.384

 < 0.001

φc = 0.139

DSM-IV CD (K-SADS)

0 (0%)

3 (5%)

1 (3%)

2 (8%)

χ2 = 2.658

0.103

φc = 0.018

  1. Means between groups were compared with independent sample t-tests or Mann–Whitney-U-tests. Frequency distributions were compared with Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2)-test. For the CPRS-R:L t-scores are presented, while for the SDQ and K-10 the questionnaire scores are given. ADHD = Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD-C/H: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, combined or predominantly impulsive/hyperactive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-I: predominately inattentive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CD = Conduct Disorder; CPRS-R:L = Conners’ parent rating scale, revised, long version; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition; HC = Healthy Controls; IQ = Intelligence Quotient; K-SADS = Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; K-10 = Kessler Psychological distress scale, NESDA version; N = number of participants; n = number of participants within subgroups; ODD = Oppositional Defiant Disorder; SD = Standard Deviation; SDQ = Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire; WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WISC: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
  2. aCombined symptom counts were derived from DSM-IV subscales of K-SADS and the Conners’ rating scales.
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