Table 2 Effects of daily step on healthcare costs: outpatient services.
From: Daily steps and healthcare costs in Japanese communities
Variable | 1. Fixed-effects OLS | 2. System GMM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole | Male | Female | Whole | Male | Female | |
Daily steps | − 14.00*** (3.08) | − 8.88 (4.96) | − 16.96*** (3.89) | − 16.26** (6.51) | − 6.65 (9.55) | − 23.18*** (7.84) |
Daily steps: long run effect | − 28.24** (11.45) | − 11.85 (17.00) | − 42.39*** (14.37) | |||
Outpatient costs (JPY) (t − 1) | 0.42*** (0.05) | 0.44*** (0.12) | 0.45*** (0.07) | |||
Age | 15,366*** (5508) | 7992 (13,400) | 18,186*** (5908) | 4834*** (872.7) | 3108 (1841) | 5048*** (1077) |
Male (= 1) | 30,181*** (11,318) | |||||
Individual fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
City fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Constant | − 673,483 (372,475) | − 175,202 (922,080) | − 852,311** (397,426) | − 48,768 (66,706) | 21,508 (146,504) | − 27,905 (75,059) |
Number of observations | 3984 | 938 | 3046 | 2430 | 565 | 1865 |
Number of individuals | 1532 | 368 | 1164 | 1074 | 259 | 815 |
1st stage specification tests | ||||||
Arellano-bond: AR(2) z | − 0.497 [0.619] | 1.014 [0.310] | − 1.059 [0.290] | |||
Hansen J | 15.46 [0.419] | 13.21 [0.586] | 15.42 [0.422] | |||
Hansen J p value | ||||||
Number of Instruments | 26 | 25 | 25 | |||
