Table 3 Effects of daily step on healthcare costs: inpatient services.
From: Daily steps and healthcare costs in Japanese communities
Variable | 1. Fixed-effects OLS | 2. System GMM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole | Male | Female | Whole | Male | Female | |
Daily steps | − 17.25*** (6.03) | − 13.83 (12.36) | − 18.60*** (6.37) | 0.64 (13.47) | 1.82 (24.39) | 1.89 (9.82) |
Daily steps: long run effect | 0.72 (15.31) | 2.15 (28.96) | 2.18 (11.33) | |||
Inpatient costs (JPY) (t − 1) | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.13** (0.06) | |||
Age | − 108.7 (11,173) | 71,186** (35,674) | − 21,429** (9,352) | 2418*** (772.9) | 4405 (2294) | 1426 (805.8) |
Male (= 1) | 31,695** (15,511) | |||||
Individual fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
City fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Constant | 181,956 (748,091) | − 4.652e + 06* (2.416e + 06) | 1.594e + 06** (633,703) | − 131,343 (101,732) | − 240,541 (279,446) | − 85,415 (84,384) |
Number of observations | 3991 | 939 | 3052 | 2434 | 565 | 1869 |
Number of individuals | 1534 | 368 | 1166 | 1069 | 256 | 813 |
1st stage specification tests | ||||||
Arellano-bond: AR(2) z | 0.674 [0.500] | 0.260 [0.795] | 0.278 [0.781] | |||
Hansen J | 16.16 [0.372] | 12.99 [0.603] | 15.03 [0.450] | |||
Number of Instruments | 26 | 25 | 25 | |||
