Table 2 Fecal biomarkers in (A) subjects with T1D and controls and (B) per historical albuminuria categories (normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria).
From: Faecal biomarkers in type 1 diabetes with and without diabetic nephropathy
(A) Biomarker | Controls | All T1D subjects | p value: ANOVA | p value: ANCOVA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | N | Value | N | ||||||||
Calprotectin (µg/g) | 6.0 (2.0–37) | 50 | 11 (0–23) | 158 | NS | NS | |||||
IAP (U/l) | 71 (46–172) | 50 | 65 (34–183) | 159 | NS | NS | |||||
Fecal protein (mg/ml) | 2.2 (1.7–3.9) | 50 | 2.4 (1.8–3.0) | 159 | NS | NS | |||||
Acetate (C2) (µmol/g FM) | 44 (40–51) | 40 | 39 (30–49) | 132 | NS | NS | |||||
Propionate (C3) (µmol/g FM) | 11 (9.0–15) | 40 | 9 (7.0–12) | 132 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |||||
Butyrate (C4) (µmol/g FM) | 11 (8.1–16) | 40 | 7.8 (4.7–12) | 132 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||||
Valerate (C5) (µmol/g FM) | 1.9 (1.3–2.3) | 40 | 1.8 (1.2–2.4) | 132 | NS | NS | |||||
Iso-butyrate (iC4) (µmol/g FM) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 40 | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 132 | NS | NS | |||||
Iso-valerate (iC5) (µmol/g FM) | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) | 40 | 2.6 (1.9–3.5) | 132 | 0.03 | NS | |||||
SCFA/BCFA (µmol/g FM) | 16 (10–17) | 40 | 13 (12–26) | 132 | 0.001 | NS | |||||
IgA (µg/ml) | 2.6 (0.8–7.3) | 50 | 2.6 (0.9–7.8) | 157 | NS | NS | |||||
IgG (ng/ml) | 33 (12–74) | 49 | 32 (15–79) | 149 | NS | NS | |||||
IgM (µg/ml) | 0.4 (0.1–0.8) | 49 | 0.3 (0.1–0.3) | 151 | NS | NS | |||||
(B) Biomarker | Normo-albuminuria | Micro-albuminuria | Macro-albuminuria | p value: normo- vs. micro-albuminuria | p value: micro vs. macro-albuminuria | p value: normo vs. macro-albuminuria | p value: ANOVA | p value: ANCOVA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | N | Value | N | Value | N | ||||||
Calprotectin (µg/g) | 14 (3.7–39) | 49 | 11 (0–34) | 50 | 8.4 (2.0–60) | 59 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
IAP (U/l) | 64 (39–238) | 49 | 63 (32–153) | 50 | 74 (37–231) | 60 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Fecal protein (mg/ml) | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | 49 | 2.6 (2.0–3.1) | 50 | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) | 60 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Acetate (C2) (µmol/g FM) | 38 (27–49) | 40 | 44 (32–55) | 42 | 39 (30–45) | 50 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Propionate (C3) (µmol/g FM) | 9.6 (6.0–12.6) | 40 | 9.7 (6.8–12.4) | 42 | 9.1 (6.8–11.8) | 50 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Butyrate (C4) (µmol/g FM) | 7.5 (4.5–14.5) | 40 | 9.0 (5.6–12.0) | 42 | 7.0 (4.7–11.0) | 50 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Valerate (C5) (µmol/g FM) | 1.6 (1.1–2.0) | 40 | 2.0 (.5–2.6) | 42 | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 50 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Iso-butyrate (iC4) (µmol/g FM) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 40 | 2.0 (1.5–3.0) | 42 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 50 | 0.02 | NS | NS | 0.05 | NS |
Iso-valerate (iC5) (µmol/g FM) | 2.3 (1.7–2.7) | 40 | 3.0 (2.2–3.6) | 42 | 2.7 (1.9–3.8) | 50 | 0.03 | NS | 0.05 | NS | NS |
SCFA/BCFA (µmol/g FM) | 13.3 (11–19) | 40 | 12.0 (9.9–17.4) | 42 | 12.2 (9.6–16) | 50 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
IgA (µg/ml) | 2.2 (0.8–8.9) | 49 | 3.6 (0.9–7.3) | 49 | 2.8 (0.9–8.4) | 59 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
IgG (ng/ml) | 38 (18–61) | 44 | 26 (8.0–66) | 49 | 33 (13–108) | 56 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
IgM (µg/ml) | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | 47 | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 46 | 0.3 (0.1–1.4) | 58 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
