Table 3 Risk of chronic back pain and back-related disability at follow-up in 2017–2019 associated with changes in sleep quality from 1995–1997 to 2006–2008 and adherence to physical activity recommendations in 2006–2008.

From: The effect of long-term poor sleep quality on risk of back-related disability and the modifying role of physical activity

Risk of back pain and change in sleep quality from 1995–1997 to 2006–2008

Meeting physical activity guidelines

Not meeting physical activity guidelines

No. of persons

No. of cases

Age-adjusted, RRa

Multi-adjusted RR (95% CI)b

No. of persons

No. of cases

Age-adjusted, RRa

Multi-adjusted RR (95% CI)b

Chronic back pain

Remained good sleep

3486

636

1.00

1.00 (reference)

3004

568

1.08

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

Poor sleep to good sleep

207

50

1.35

1.33 (1.01–1.76)

270

66

1.36

1.21 (0.93–1.58)

Good sleep to poor sleep

557

130

1.30

1.27 (1.06–1.52)

614

146

1.44

1.31 (1.10–1.56)

Remained poor sleep

208

56

1.57

1.51 (1.18–1.94)

255

75

1.88

1.69 (1.38–2.08)

Back-related disability

Remained good sleep

3486

242

1.00

1.00 (reference)

3004

239

1.19

1.10 (0.91–1.33)

Poor sleep to good sleep

207

23

1.71

1.70 (1.11–2.61)

270

34

1.86

1.61 (1.10–2.36)

Good sleep to poor sleep

557

62

1.63

1.58 (1.18–2.08)

614

69

1.81

1.60 (1.22–2.10)

Remained poor sleep

208

25

1.79

1.70 (1.11–2.61)

255

39

2.35

2.05 (1.42–2.96)

  1. CI confidence interval, RR risk ratio.
  2. aAdjusted for age (continuous).
  3. bAdjusted for age (continuous), sex (women, men), education (primary school, high school, college ≤ 4 years, college > 4 years), body mass index (continuous), relative change in body weight (continuous), and smoking (never smoked, former smoker, current low-intensity smoker [< 10 cigarettes per day], medium-intensity smoker [10–19 cigarettes per day], high-intensity smoker [20 or more cigarettes per day]).
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