Figure 1
From: Modeling photosynthetic resource allocation connects physiology with evolutionary environments

An overview of the nitrogen-dependent light- and enzyme-limited model. CO2 entering the mesophyll cell (M) can be fixed by Rubisco (C3 and intermediates) or PEPC (C4 and intermediates); The C4 cycle then shuttles CO2 fixed by PEPC to the bundle sheath cell (BS) and releases it, allowing it to be re-fixed by Rubisco. The fixation of O2 by Rubisco leads to photorespiration (PCO). Blue arrows indicate the nitrogen allocation and yellow arrows represent the energy allocation considered in the model.