Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the UK Biobank cohort with positive COVID-19 test results. Pre-existing medical conditions included only when reported more than one week prior to COVID-19 positive test result. Symptoms and vitals included only from primary care (GP) records when reported within + /- two weeks of COVID-19 positive test result. MND = motor neurone disease; MS = multiple sclerosis; HD = Huntington’s disease. * Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and body temperature were included in the initial analysis, however, they were removed from the model due to low data availability.
From: Machine learning approach to dynamic risk modeling of mortality in COVID-19: a UK Biobank study
Characteristic | n (%) [count] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
All Participants | Survived | Died | |
Total | 11,245 | 10,605 (94.3) | 640 (5.7) |
Demographic | |||
Male sex | 5,274 | 4,850 (92) | 424 (8) |
Age (yrs), mean (SD) | 66.9 (8.7) | 66.4 (8.6) | 76.0 (5.6) |
Lifestyle and anthropometrics | |||
Body mass index, mean (SD) | 28.4 (5.1) [11,153] | 28.3 (5.1) [10,528] | 30.0 (5.7) [625] |
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 92.5 (14.0) [11,185] | 92.1 (13.9) [10,556] | 100.1 (14.7) [629] |
Hip circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 104.8 (9.9) [11,181] | 104.6 (9.8) [10,552] | 106.7 (11.3) [629] |
Body weight (kg), mean (SD) | 80.9 (16.9) [11,172] | 80.6 (16.7) [10,544] | 85.9 (18.6) [628] |
Obesity (BMI > 30) | 1,307 | 1,167 (89.3) | 140 (10.7) |
Standing height (cm), mean (SD) | 168.5 (9.2) [11,245] | 168.5 (9.2) [10,605] | 168.9 (9.3) [640] |
Blood type | |||
Unknown | 353 | 318 (90.1) | 35 (9.9) |
AA | 892 | 834 (93.5) | 58 (6.5) |
AB | 435 | 417 (95.9) | 18 (4.1) |
AO | 4,074 | 3,858 (94.7) | 216 (5.3) |
BB | 67 | 62 (92.5) | 5 (7.5) |
BO | 1,051 | 999 (95.1) | 52 (4.9) |
OO | 4,373 | 4,117 (94.1) | 256 (5.9) |
Sleep duration (hrs), mean (SD) | 7.0 (1.4) [11,245] | 7.0 (1.4) [10,605] | 7.2 (1.7) [640] |
Alcohol intake | |||
Unknown | 33 | 30 (90.9) | 3 (9.1) |
Daily or almost daily | 1,662 | 1,562 (94) | 100 (6) |
Three or four times a week | 2,168 | 2,068 (95.4) | 100 (4.6) |
Once or twice a week | 3,010 | 2,862 (95.1) | 148 (4.9) |
One to three times a month | 1,284 | 1,228 (95.6) | 56 (4.4) |
Special occasions only | 1,398 | 1,300 (93) | 98 (7) |
Never | 1,690 | 1,555 (92) | 135 (8) |
Smoking status | |||
Unknown | 68 | 60 (88.2) | 8 (11.8) |
Never | 6,195 | 5,915 (95.5) | 280 (4.5) |
Previous | 3,933 | 3,642 (92.6) | 291 (7.4) |
Current | 1,049 | 988 (94.2) | 61 (5.8) |
Gait and mobility issues | 68 | 60 (88.2) | 8 (11.8) |
Medication and treatment | |||
Allergy to antibiotics | 1,143 | 1,044 (91.3) | 99 (8.7) |
Long-term use of anticoagulants | 981 | 821 (83.7) | 160 (16.3) |
Radiation therapy | 274 | 237 (86.5) | 37 (13.5) |
Maintenance chemotherapy | 476 | 420 (88.2) | 56 (11.8) |
Chemotherapy | 256 | 210 (82) | 46 (18) |
Pre-existing medical conditions | |||
General diseases of the circulatory system | 1,216 | 1,030 (84.7) | 186 (15.3) |
Chronic ischemic heart disease | 1,388 | 1,200 (86.5) | 188 (13.5) |
Atrial fibrillation | 1,007 | 834 (82.8) | 173 (17.2) |
Hypertension | 4,074 | 3,624 (89) | 450 (11) |
Stroke | 767 | 624 (81.4) | 143 (18.6) |
General diseases of the respiratory system | 169 | 143 (84.6) | 26 (15.4) |
Asthma | 1,497 | 1,391 (92.9) | 106 (7.1) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 670 | 537 (80.1) | 133 (19.9) |
Interstitial lung disease | 107 | 71 (66.4) | 36 (33.6) |
Respiratory failure | |||
less than 1 month | 291 | 171 (58.8) | 120 (41.2) |
between 1 and 12 months | 180 | 117 (65) | 63 (35) |
more than 12 months | 154 | 109 (70.8) | 45 (29.2) |
Non-bacterial pneumonia | |||
less than 1 month | 812 | 542 (66.7) | 270 (33.3) |
between 1 and 12 months | 512 | 368 (71.9) | 144 (28.1) |
more than 12 months | 624 | 508 (81.4) | 116 (18.6) |
Bacterial pneumonia | |||
less than 1 month | 734 | 485 (66.1) | 249 (33.9) |
between 1 and 12 months | 349 | 240 (68.8) | 109 (31.2) |
more than 12 months | 45 | 38 (84.4) | 7 (15.6) |
General diseases of the nervous system | 640 | 554 (86.6) | 86 (13.4) |
Parkinson's disease | 164 | 124 (75.6) | 40 (24.4) |
MND, MS, or HD | 21 | 18 (85.7) | 3 (14.3) |
Dementia | 491 | 373 (76) | 118 (24) |
Haematological Cancer | |||
less than 12 months | 85 | 52 (61.2) | 33 (38.8) |
between 12 and 60 months | 95 | 71 (74.7) | 24 (25.3) |
more than 60 months | 111 | 86 (77.5) | 25 (22.5) |
Non-haematological Cancer | |||
less than 12 months | 208 | 180 (86.5) | 28 (13.5) |
between 12 and 60 months | 590 | 545 (92.4) | 45 (7.6) |
more than 60 months | 908 | 834 (91.9) | 74 (8.1) |
Diabetes (Type 1) | 143 | 110 (76.9) | 33 (23.1) |
Diabetes (Type 2) | 1,416 | 1,204 (85) | 212 (15) |
Osteoarthritis | 2,625 | 2,394 (91.2) | 231 (8.8) |
Depression and anxiety disorder | 1,404 | 1,271 (90.5) | 133 (9.5) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 317 | 268 (84.5) | 49 (15.5) |
Anemia | 1,260 | 1,067 (84.7) | 193 (15.3) |
Urinary tract infection | |||
less than 1 month | 96 | 72 (75) | 24 (25) |
between 1 and 12 months | 171 | 136 (79.5) | 35 (20.5) |
more than 12 months | 875 | 730 (83.4) | 145 (16.6) |
Acute kidney failure | |||
less than 1 month | 262 | 164 (62.6) | 98 (37.4) |
between 1 and 12 months | 288 | 199 (69.1) | 89 (30.9) |
more than 12 months | 443 | 331 (74.7) | 112 (25.3) |
Any bacterial infection | |||
less than 1 month | 169 | 110 (65.1) | 59 (34.9) |
between 1 and 12 months | 209 | 145 (69.4) | 64 (30.6) |
more than 12 months | 484 | 395 (81.6) | 89 (18.4) |
Diverticulum | 1,657 | 1,507 (90.9) | 150 (9.1) |
Haemorrhoids | 1,120 | 1,065 (95.1) | 55 (4.9) |
Irritable bowel syndrome | 399 | 368 (92.2) | 31 (7.8) |
Gastroenteritis | |||
less than 1 month | 161 | 135 (83.9) | 26 (16.1) |
between 1 and 12 months | 157 | 133 (84.7) | 24 (15.3) |
more than 12 months | 1,700 | 1,546 (90.9) | 154 (9.1) |
Symptoms | |||
Joint pain | 1,156 | 1,035 (89.5) | 121 (10.5) |
Delirium | 250 | 175 (70) | 75 (30) |
Hematemesis | 563 | 512 (90.9) | 51 (9.1) |
Syncope and collapse | 19 | 17 (89.5) | 2 (10.5) |
Dyspnea | 282 | 246 (87.2) | 36 (12.8) |
Cough | 70 | 60 (85.7) | 10 (14.3) |
Myalgia | 248 | 221 (89.1) | 27 (10.9) |
Nausea and vomiting | 38 | 29 (76.3) | 9 (23.7) |
Chest pain | 831 | 757 (91.1) | 74 (8.9) |
Hematuria | 42 | 35 (83.3) | 7 (16.7) |
Malaise and fatigue | 49 | 41 (83.7) | 8 (16.3) |
Hypotension | 342 | 266 (77.8) | 76 (22.2) |
Vital signs | |||
Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 77.9 (12.2) [123] | 77.2 (10.9) [104] | 81.9 (17.4) [19] |
Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 129.3 (19.2) [124] | 128.2 (17.6) [104] | 135.1 (25.7) [20] |
Heart rate, mean (SD) | 84.7 (17.5) [80] | 84.0 (16.9) [71] | 90.9 (22.0) [9] |
Body temperature, mean (SD) * | 37.5 (1.2) [41] | 37.7 (1.1) [37] | 36.1 (0.9) [4] |
Oxygen saturation, mean (SD) * | 94.7 (3.3) [20] | 94.4 (3.6) [16] | 95.8 (1.5) [4] |
Respiratory rate, mean (SD) * | 24.1 (7.4) [18] | 24.8 (8.5) [11] | 22.9 (5.8) [7] |
